Pharmacokinetics of combined release formulations of a gamma-hydroxybutyric acid derivative

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an immediate release component comprising 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and a modified release component comprising 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and the pharmacokinetics of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and γ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is disclosed.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application No. 63/163,096 filed on Mar. 19, 2021, which isincorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. Application Publication No.2022/0023247, and U.S. Application Publication No. 2021/0393537 A1, andU.S. Application Publication No. 2021/0393529 A1.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and the pharmacokinetics of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical compositions.

BACKGROUND

Sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate is approved by the United States Food and DrugAdministration for the treatment of sudden muscle weakness and excessivedaytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Sodium γ-hydroxybutyrateis the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid.

SUMMARY

According to the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions comprisean immediate release (IR) component, wherein the immediate releasecomponent comprises from 1.5 g γ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents to 3.5 gγ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents; and a modified release (MR) component,wherein the modified release component comprises from 3 gγ-hydroxybutyrate to 9 g γ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents.

According to the present invention, methods of treating fatigue orexcessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy in a patientcomprise orally administering to a patient in need of such treatment atherapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositionaccording to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating narcolepsy,excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepinessassociated with narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated withParkinson's disease, excessive daytime sleepiness associated withmultiple sclerosis, cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, fatigue,fatigue associated with Parkinson's diseases, fatigue associated withmultiple sclerosis, or fibromyalgia in a patient comprise orallyadministering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to thepresent invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating a symptomassociated with narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy,excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, excessivedaytime sleepiness associated with Parkinson's disease, excessivedaytime sleepiness associated with multiple sclerosis, cataplexyassociated with narcolepsy, fatigue, fatigue associated with Parkinson'sdiseases, fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis, or fibromyalgia ina patient comprise orally administering to a patient in need of suchtreatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating rapid eyemovement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, spasmodic dystonia,schizophrenia, insomnia, insomnia associated with schizophrenia,idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cluster headache,Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, post-traumatic stress syndrome,insomnia associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, or anxiety in apatient comprise orally administering to a patient in need of suchtreatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating a symptomassociated with REM sleep behavior disorder, spasmodic dystonia,schizophrenia, insomnia, insomnia associated with schizophrenia,idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cluster headache,Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, post-traumatic stress syndrome,insomnia associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, or anxiety in apatient comprise orally administering to a patient in need of suchtreatment a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating a sleep disorderassociated with a bacterial infection in a patient comprise orallyadministering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to thepresent invention.

According to the present invention, methods of enhancing cognitivefunction in a patent having a neurological disorder comprise orallyadministering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to thepresent invention.

According to the present invention, kits comprise the pharmaceuticalcomposition according to the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Those skilled in the art will understand that the drawings describedherein are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intendedto limit the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows dissolution profiles for modified release microparticlesprovided by the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A shows the mean plasma concentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid (compound (1)) following oral administration of an immediaterelease component and three modified release components of compound (1)to fasted, healthy subjects.

FIG. 2B shows the mean plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration followingoral administration of an immediate release component and three modifiedrelease formulations of compound (1) to fasted, healthy subjects.

FIG. 3 is a table showing the mean plasma concentration of compound (1)following oral administration of combined release formulations tofasted, healthy subjects.

FIG. 4 is a table showing the mean plasma γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration following oral administration of combined releaseformulations to fasted, healthy subjects.

FIG. 5 shows the mean γ-hydroxybutyrate plasma concentration followingoral administration of combined release formulations of compound (1) tofasted, healthy subjects.

FIG. 6 shows the mean γ-hydroxybutyrate plasma concentration followingoral administration of different doses of a combined release formulationprovided by the present disclosure as described in Example 5 to fasted,healthy subjects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to beunderstood that embodiments provided by the present disclosure mayassume various alternative variations and step sequences, except whereexpressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in anyoperating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbersexpressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in thespecification and claims are to be understood as being modified in allinstances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to thecontrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the followingspecification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the presentinvention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard variation found in theirrespective testing measurements.

Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein isintended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, arange of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (andincluding) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum valueof 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and amaximum value of equal to or less than 10.

“Immediate release” refers to a composition that releases at least 80%of compound (1) within 1 hour when tested in a dissolution apparatus 2according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 38 in a 0.1 N HCldissolution medium at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75rpm.

An immediate release composition or formulation can releasesubstantially all of a pharmaceutically active ingredient into thegastrointestinal tract of a patient within less than 1 hour followingoral administration, such as within less than 50 minutes, within lessthan 40 minutes, within less than 30 minutes, within less than 20minutes, or within less than 10 minutes following oral administration.For example, an immediate release dosage form can release greater than90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 98% of the pharmaceuticallyactive ingredient such as compound (1) in the pharmaceutical compositioninto the gastrointestinal tract within less than 1 hour, such as withinless than 50 minutes, less than 40 minutes, less than 30 minutes, lessthan 20 minutes, or less than 10 minutes, following oral administration.Immediate release pharmaceutical compositions can be appropriate toadminister pharmaceutically active ingredients that are absorbed intothe systemic circulation from the upper portion of the gastrointestinaltract.

“Modified release” pharmaceutical compositions and formulations caninclude controlled release formulations, delayed release formulations,extended-release formulations, sustained release formulations, timedrelease formulations, pulsatile release formulations, and pH-dependentrelease formulations. These formulations are intended to release apharmaceutically active ingredient from the pharmaceutical compositionat a desired rate and/or at a desired time following oral administrationby a patient and/or at a certain location or locations within thegastrointestinal tract and/or at a certain pH within thegastrointestinal tract. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) defines amodified release system as one in which the time course or location ofdrug release or both, are chosen to accomplish objectives of therapeuticeffectiveness or convenience not fulfilled by immediate release dosageforms. A modified release oral dosage form can include extended releaseand delayed-release components. A delayed release dosage form is onethat releases a drug all at once at a time other than promptly afteradministration. A modified release formulation can includedelayed-release using enteric coatings, site-specific or timed releasesuch as for colonic delivery, extended-release including, for example,formulations capable of providing zero-order, first-order, or biphasicrelease profiles, and programmed release such as pulsatile and delayedextended release.

“Sustained release” pharmaceutical compositions and coating provide fora dissolution rate over an extended period of time following oraladministration. Granulations comprising microparticles having asustained release coating can be referred to as sustained releasegranulations. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a sustainedrelease granulation can be referred to as a sustained releasepharmaceutical composition.

“Bioequivalent” refers to a formulation and/or pharmaceuticalcomposition that is therapeutically equivalent to a reference productwhen administered under the same conditions in a pharmacokineticevaluation conforming to United States Food and Drug Administration(USFDA) Guidance on Bioequivalence Testing; regardless ofbiopharmaceutical class.

A value that is “bioequivalent” refers to a pharmacokinetic value suchas the peak blood or plasma concentration (C_(max)) or area under thecurve (AUC) that exhibits substantially similar pharmacokinetic profilesand/or therapeutic effects. Bioequivalence may be demonstrated byseveral in vivo and in vitro methods. These methods may include, forexample, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical and in vitrostudies. Bioequivalence can be demonstrated using any suitablepharmacokinetic measures or combination of pharmacokinetic measuresknown in the art, including loading dose, steady-state dose, initial orsteady-state concentration of drug, biological half-life, eliminationrate, AUC, clearance, the C_(max), time to peak concentration (T_(max)),bioavailability and potency. In some embodiments, a value isbioequivalent to a reference pharmacokinetic value when the geometricmean of the AUC and/or the C_(max) is between 80% and 125% (e.g., at 90%confidence interval) of the reference pharmacokinetic value.

A similar or bioequivalent pharmacokinetic profile refers to apharmacokinetic profile for which the mean AUC_(0-inf) of apharmaceutical composition is from 80% to 125% of the mean AUC_(0-inf) areference composition in a suitably designed cross-over trial, the meanplasma concentration at 8 hours C_(8h) of the pharmaceutical compositionis from 40% to 130% of the mean plasma concentration at 8 hours C_(8h)of the reference composition, and/or that the maximum plasmaconcentration (C_(max)) of the pharmaceutical composition is from 50% to140% of the C_(max) of the reference composition.

A “fed state” refers to the period of time immediately after consumptionof a meal up to two hours post consumption. The fed state can includethe period less than two hours after eating.

A “fasted state” refers to the period of time after 8 hours post mealconsumption.

“Patient” refers to a mammal, for example, a human.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to approved or approvable by aregulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in theU.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia foruse in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound, whichpossesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.Such salts include acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids andone or more protonable modified release groups such as primary,secondary, or tertiary amines within the parent compound. Examples ofsuitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. A salt can beformed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoicacid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lacticacid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaricacid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid,3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid,lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoicacid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like. A saltcan be formed when one or more acidic protons present in the parentcompound are replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, analkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion, or combinations thereof, orcoordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. A pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt can be the hydrochloride salt. A pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt can be the sodium salt. In compounds having two or moreionizable groups, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can comprise one ormore counterions, such as a bi-salt, for example, a dihydrochloridesalt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes hydrates and othersolvates, as well as salts in crystalline or non-crystalline form. Wherea particular pharmaceutically acceptable salt is disclosed, it isunderstood that the particular salt (e.g., a hydrochloride salt) is anexample of a salt, and that other salts may be formed using techniquesknown to one of skill in the art. Additionally, one of skill in the artwould be able to convert the pharmaceutically acceptable salt to thecorresponding compound, free base and/or free acid, using techniquesgenerally known in the art.

“Prodrug” refers to a derivative of a drug molecule that requires atransformation within the body to provide the active drug. Prodrugs arefrequently, although not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive untilconverted to the parent drug. Prodrugs may be obtained by bonding apromoiety (defined herein) typically via a modified release group, to adrug.

“Curing” a disease refers to eliminating the disease or disorder oreliminating a symptom of the disease or disorder.

“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease or disorder refers to reducingthe severity of one or more clinical symptom of the disease or disorder,delaying the onset of one or more clinical symptoms of the disease ordisorder, and/or mitigating one or more clinical symptoms of the diseaseor disorder. “Treating” or “treatment” of a disease or disorder refersto inhibiting the disease or disorder or one or more clinical symptomsof the disease or disorder, arresting the development of the disease ordisorder or one or more clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder,relieving the disease or disorder or one or more clinical symptoms ofthe disease or disorder, causing the regression of the disease ordisorder or one or more clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder,and/or stabilization of the disease or disorder or one or more clinicalsymptoms of the disease or disorder, “Treating” or “treatment” of adisease or disorder refers to producing a clinically beneficial effectwithout curing the underlying disease or disorder.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of apharmaceutically active ingredient such as compound (1) orγ-hydroxybutyrate, when administered to a patient for treating adisease, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease, issufficient to affect such treatment of the disease or symptom thereof.The “therapeutically effective amount” may vary depending, for example,on the compound, the disease and/or symptoms of the disease, severity ofthe disease and/or symptoms of the disease or disorder, the age, weight,and/or health of the patient to be treated, and the judgment of theprescribing physician. A therapeutically effective amount in any giveninstance may be ascertained by those skilled in the art or capable ofdetermination by routine experimentation or based on the judgment of aprescribing physician or medical professional.

“Therapeutically effective dose” refers to a dose that provideseffective treatment of a disease or disorder in a patient. Atherapeutically effective dose of compound (1) or γ-hydroxybutyrate mayvary from patient to patient and may depend upon factors such as themedical condition of the patient, the severity of the disease and theroute of delivery. A therapeutically effective dose may be determined inaccordance with routine pharmacological procedures known to thoseskilled in the art.

“Vehicle” refers to a diluent, excipient or carrier with which acompound is administered to a patient. A vehicle can be apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Pharmaceutically acceptablevehicles are known in the art.

“Percent weight gain” or “% wg” such as in a “35% wg” coating refers toa coated microparticle in which the weight of the coated microparticleis 35% greater than the weight of the uncoated microparticle.

Dissolution profiles are measured using a USP Type 2 dissolutionapparatus a sodium acetate buffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperatureof 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

“C_(max)” refers to the maximum plasma concentration.

“C_(t) refers to the plasma concentration at time t, where time t is theduration following administration. For example, C₆ refers to the plasmaconcentration of an analyte six (6) hours after administration.

“T_(max)” refers to the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration.

“AUC_(0-tlast)” refers to the area under the plasma concentration-timecurve from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration.

“AUC_(0-inf)” refers to the area under the plasma concentration-timecurve from time 0 to infinite time, calculated as the sum ofAUC_(0-tlast) and C_(last)/λz.

“AUC_(0-τ)” refers to the area under the plasma concentration-time curveduring a dosing interval τ. For example, the interval can be 6 hours or8 hours after dosing.

“λz” refers to the apparent terminal elimination rate constant.

“T_(1/2)” refers to the elimination half-life associated with theterminal slope (λz) of the semilogarithmic drug concentration-timecurve, calculated as 0.693/λz.

“CL/F” refers to the apparent total body clearance of a drug from theplasma calculated by: CL/F=Dose/AUC_(0-inf).

Reference is now made to microparticles comprising4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and, to the pharmacokinetics of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid and γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid to fasted, healthy subjects. The disclosedmicroparticles, pharmaceutical compositions and pharmacokinetics are notintended to be limiting of the claims. To the contrary, the claims areintended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents.

Sodium oxybate (sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate) is approved by the UnitedStates Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of muscle fatigueand excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Sodiumoxybate is available under the tradename XYREM® from JazzPharmaceuticals. Sodium oxybate is orally administered and is a saltform of the pharmaceutically active ingredient γ-hydroxybutyric acid,also known as γ-hydroxybutyrate and oxybate. Sodium oxybate andγ-hydroxybutyric acid have the structure of Formula (2a) and Formula(2b), respectively.

4-((L-Valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (Compound (1)) is a prodrug ofγ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB; γ-hydroxybutyrate), which following oraladministration, is metabolized to provide γ-hydroxybutyrate in theplasma of a patient. 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid has the structure ofFormula (1):

One gram of Compound (1) comprises 0.512 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents. For example, 4.5 g of compound (1) comprises 2.3 gγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents, and 10 g of compound (1) comprises 5.2 gγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents.

Compound (1) is equivalent to 0.62 g of sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate. Forexample, 4.5 g of compound (1) is equivalent to 2.79 g sodiumγ-hydroxybutyrate, and 4.5 g sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate is equivalent to7.26 g of compound (1).

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure cancomprise an immediate release component, a modified release component,and a combination thereof.

An immediate release (IR) component can comprise microparticlescomprising compound (1) configured to immediately dissolve upon contactwith gastrointestinal fluid or in an oral pharmaceutical composition.

A modified release (MR) component can comprise microparticles comprisingcompound (1) configured to dissolve in gastrointestinal fluid overtime.

A combined release (CR) pharmaceutical composition provided by thepresent disclosure can comprise an immediate release component and amodified release component. A pharmaceutical composition provided by thepresent disclosure can comprise, for example, from 3 g to 6 g ofcompound (1) in the IR component and from 6 g to 16 g of compound (1) ina MR component, from 3 g to 6 g in an IR component and from 7 g to 13 gin an MR component, from 3 g to 6 g in an IR component and from 8 g to12 g in an MR components, from 3 g to 6 g in an IR component and from 9g to 11 g in an MR component, or from 3.5 g to 5.5 g of compound (1) inan IR component and from 9 g to 11 g of compound (1) in an MR component.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, a weight ratio of compound (1) in the IRcomponent to compound (1) in the MR component from 1:1.5 to 1:3.5, from1:1.7 to 1:3.3, from 1:1.9 to 1:3.1, from 1:2.1 to 1:2.9, from 1:2.3 to1:2.7, or from 1:2.4 to 1.2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 20 wt % to 40 wt % compound (1) in the IRcomponent, from 22 wt % to 38 wt %, from 24 wt % to 36 wt %, from 26 wt% to 36 wt %, or from 28 wt % to 34 wt % compound (1) in the IRcomponent, where wt % is based on the total weight of compound (1) inthe pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 60 wt % to 80 wt % compound (1) in the MRcomponent, from 62 wt % to 78 wt %, or from 65 wt % to 75 wt %, ofcompound (1) in the MR component, where wt % is based on the totalweight of compound (1) in the pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a molar ratio of compound (1) in the immediate releasecomponent to compound (1) in the modified release component, forexample, from 1:1 to 1:10, from 1:1 to 1:9, from 1:1.5 to 1:8.5, from1:2 to 1:8, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:3 to 1:1.7, from 1:3.5 to 1:6.5or from 1:4 to 1:6.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a molar percentage of compound (1) in the immediate component,for example, from 5% to 40%, from 10% to 35%, from 15% to 30% or from20% to 25% based on the total moles of compound (1) in thepharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a molar percentage of compound (1) in the modified releasecomponent, for example, from 95% to 69%, from 90% to 65%, from 85% to60%, from 80% to 55%, or from 75% to 60% based on the total moles ofcompound (1) in the pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 1.5 g to 3 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalentsin the IR component and from 3 g to 8 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents ina MR component, from 1.5 g to 3 g in an IR component and from 3.5 g to6.5 g in an MR component, from 1.5 g to 3 g in an IR component and from4 g to 6 g in an MR components, from 1.5 g to 3 g in an IR component andfrom 4.5 g to 15.5 g in an MR component, or from 1.7 g to 52.8 g ofcompound (1) in an IR component and from 4.5 g to 5.5 gγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, a weight ratio γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents inthe IR component to γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the MR componentfrom 1:1.5 to 1:3.5, from 1:1.7 to 1:3.3, from 1:1.9 to 1:3.1, from1:2.1 to 1:2.9, from 1:2.3 to 1:2.7, or from 1:2.4 to 1.2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 20 wt % to 40 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in the IR component, from 22 wt % to 38 wt %, from 24 wt %to 36 wt %, from 26 wt % to 36 wt %, or from 28 wt % to 34 wt %γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the IR component, where wt % is basedon the total weight of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in thepharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 60 wt % to 80 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in the MR component, from 62 wt % to 78 wt %, or from 65 wt% to 75 wt %, γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the MR component, wherewt % is based on the total weight of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents inthe pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a molar ratio of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the immediaterelease component to γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the modifiedrelease component, for example, from 1:1 to 1:10, from 1:1 to 1:9, from1:1.5 to 1:8.5, from 1:2 to 1:8, from 1:2.5 to 1:7.5, from 1:3 to 1:1.7,from 1:3.5 to 1:6.5 or from 1:4 to 1:6.

A pharmaceutical composition can com provided by the present disclosurecan comprise a molar percentage of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in theimmediate component, for example, from 5% to 40%, from 10% to 35%, from15% to 30% or from 20% to 25% based on the total γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in the pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a molar percentage of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in themodified release component, for example, from 95% to 69%, from 90% to65%, from 85% to 60%, from 80% to 55%, or from 75% to 60% based on thetotal moles of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 2 g to 6 g sodium γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in the IR component and from 6 g to 16 g of sodiumγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in a MR component, from 2 g to 6 g in anIR component and from 7 g to 15 g in an MR component, from 3 g to 6 g inan IR component and from 8 g to 14 g in an MR components, from 2 g to 6g in an IR component and from 9 g to 14 g in an MR component, or from1.2 g to 3.8 g of sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IRcomponent and from 3.8 g to 9.0 g of sodium γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an MR component.

An immediate release component provided by the present disclosure cancomprise immediate release microparticles. An immediate releasemicroparticle can comprise an uncoated microparticle or a microparticlecomprising an immediate release coating.

A modified release component provided by the present disclosure cancomprise a modified release microparticle. A modified releasemicroparticle can comprise an uncoated microparticle comprising amodified release coating. A modified release microparticle can comprisean microparticle comprising an immediate release coating and anoverlying modified release coating.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise a pharmaceutically active ingredient, a binder,and an antistatic agent.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,greater than 90 wt % of compound (1), greater than 92 wt %, greater than94 wt %, greater than 96 wt %, or greater than 98 wt % compound (1),where wt % is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediaterelease microparticle. An uncoated immediate release microparticleprovided by the present disclosure can comprise, for example, from 90 wt% to 99.9 wt % of compound (1), from 91 wt % to 99.5 wt %, from 92 wt %to 99 wt %, from 93 wt % to 98.5 wt %, from 94 wt % to 98 wt %, or from94.5 wt % to 97.5 wt % compound (1), where wt % is based on the totalweight of the immediate release microparticle.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise a binder or acombination of binders.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,less than 1 wt % of a binder, less than 0.8 wt %, less than 0.6 wt %,less than 0.4 wt %, or less than 0.2 wt % of a binder, where wt % isbased on the total weight of the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle. An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise,for example, from 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a binder, from 0.2 wt % to 0.9wt %, from 0.2 wt % to 0.8 wt %, from 0.25 wt % to 0.75 wt %, or from0.3 wt % to 0.7 wt % of a binder, where wt % is based on the totalweight of the uncoated immediate release microparticle.

An uncoated microparticle can comprise, for example, less than 3 wt % ofa binder, less than 2.5 wt %, less than 2 wt %, less than 1.5 wt %, orless than 1 wt % of a binder, where wt % is based on the total weight ofthe uncoated immediate release microparticle.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise any suitablebinder. Examples of suitable binders include natural binders such asstarch, pregelatinized starch, sodium alginate, and gelatin; syntheticbinders such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polymethacrylates, sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol; and saccharides such as modifiedcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol.

Examples of other suitable binders include, acacia, copovidone,carbomer, corn starch, pregelatinized starch, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, calcium cellulose glycolate, carmellosum calcium,carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, carmellose sodium, ceratonia, chitosanhydrochloride, dextrates, dextrin, ethyl cellulose, liquid glucose, guargalactomannan, guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, microcrystallinecellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl starch,hypromellose/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, inulin, magnesium aluminumsilicate, maltodextrin, methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol,polyethylene oxide, povidone, sodium alginate, starch, pregelatinizedstarch, sucrose, compressible sugar, zein, gelatin, polymethacrylates,sorbitol, glucose, and sodium alginate.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise an antistaticagent or a combination of antistatic agents.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,less than 3 wt %, less than 2.5 wt %, less than 2 wt % of an antistaticagent, less than 1.25 wt %, less than 1 wt %, less than 0.75 wt %, lessthan 0.5 wt %, or less than 0.25 wt % of an antistatic agent, where wt %is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle. An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise,for example, from 0.1 wt % to 3.0 wt % of an antistatic agent, from 0.2wt % to 2 wt %, from 0.5 wt % to 1.50 wt %, or from 0.75 wt % to 1.25 wt% of an antistatic agent, where wt % is based on the total weight of theuncoated immediate release microparticle.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise any suitableantistatic agent.

Examples of suitable antistatic agents include hydrophilic silica, talc,magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and combinations of any ofthe foregoing.

An antistatic agent can comprise, for example, hydrophilic fumed silicasuch as AEROSIL® 200 (Evonik Industries).

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,from 95.0 wt % to 99.5 wt % of compound (1); from 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt %of a binder; and from 0.1 wt % to 2.0 wt % of an antistatic agent,wherein wt % is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediaterelease microparticle.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,from 98 wt % to 99 wt % of compound (1); from 0.25 wt % to 0.75 wt % ofa binder; and from 0.5 wt % to 1.5 wt % of an antistatic agent, whereinwt % is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,from 98.25 wt % to 98.75 wt % of compound (1); from 0.33 wt % to 0.65 wt% of a binder; and from 0.74 wt % to 1.25 wt % of an antistatic agent,wherein wt % is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediaterelease microparticle.

In addition to a pharmaceutically active ingredient, a binder, and anantistatic agent, an uncoated immediate release microparticle cancomprise one or more excipients such as, for example, flow controlagents, lubricants, disintegrants, fillers, compression aids,surfactants, diluents, colorants, buffering agents, glidants, andcombinations of any of the foregoing.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise, for example,less than 3 wt % of the one or more excipients, less than 2 wt %, lessthan 1 wt %, or less than 0.5 wt % of the one or more excipients, wherewt % is based on the total weight of the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle. An uncoated immediate release microparticle can comprise,for example, from 0 wt % to 3 wt % of one or more excipients, from 0.1wt % to 3 wt %, from 0.5 wt % to 2 wt %, or from 1 wt % to 2 wt % of oneor more excipients, where wt % is based on the total weight of theuncoated immediate release microparticle.

Examples of suitable flow control agents or glidants include magnesiumstearate, fumed silica (colloidal silicon dioxide), starch, and talc.

Examples of suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearicacid, calcium stearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetableoil, light mineral oil, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, polyethyleneglycol, sodium benzoate, sodium stearyl fumarate, zinc stearate, andcombinations of any of the foregoing.

Examples of suitable disintegrants include citric acid, croscarmellosesodium, colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, sodium starchglycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, andcombinations of any of the foregoing.

A surfactant can comprise an ionic surfactant or a non-ionic surfactant.Examples of suitable anionic surfactants include docusate sodium(dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt), sodium lauryl sulfate, andcombinations of any of the foregoing. Examples of suitable non-ionicsurfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylenestearates, poloxamers, polysorbate, sorbitan esters, glycerylmonooleate, and combinations of any of the foregoing.

Examples of suitable fillers and compression aids include lactose,calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, compressible sugars, dextrates,dextrin, dextrose, kaolin, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide,maltodextrin, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose,sucrose, and combinations of any of the foregoing.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a sphericity, for example, from 0.90to 1, such as from 0.91 to 0.99, or from 0.92 to 0.98, where sphericityof an uncoated immediate release microparticle provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a sphericity, for example, greaterthan 0.90, greater than 0.91, greater than 0.92, greater than 0.93,greater than 0.94, or greater than 0.95.

An uncoated immediate release microparticle provided by the presentdisclosure can be comprise a plurality of microparticles characterizedby a mode sphericity, for example, from 0.90 to 1, such as from 0.91 to0.99, or from 0.92 to 0.98, where sphericity is determined using wetdispersion particle shape methods or by dynamic image analysis. Anuncoated immediate release microparticle provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise a plurality of microparticles characterized byan average sphericity, for example, greater than 0.94, greater than0.95, greater than 0.96, greater than 0.97, greater than 0.98, orgreater than 0.99.

Uncoated immediate release microparticles provided by the presentdisclosure are solid and are characterized by a substantiallyhomogeneous composition throughout the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle. A homogeneous composition refers to a composition thatdoes not have an internal structure such a layers or core/shells andwhere the composition is the same with in less than ±5 wt %, less than±2 wt %, or less than ±1 wt % throughout the microparticle.

For high dose pharmaceutically active ingredients, especially whenreconstituted as a suspension before administration, to improvepalatability it can be useful that the microparticles have a small meandiameter.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles provided by thepresent disclosure can be characterized, for example, by a particle sizedistribution (PSD) (D50) from 75 μm to 450 μm, from 100 μm to 400 μm,from 150 μm to 350 μm, from 175 μm to 325 μm, from 200 μm to 300 μm, orfrom 225 μm to 275 μm.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can becharacterized, for example, by a PSD (D10) from 50 μm to 150 μm, from 60μm to 140 μm, from 70 μm, to 120 μm, or from 80 μm to 110 μm.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can becharacterized, for example, by a PSD (D90) from 450 μm to 750 μm, from475 μm to 725 μm, from 500 μm to 700 μm, from 525 μm to 675 μm, or from550 μm to 650 μm.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can becharacterized, for example, by a PSD (D10) from 50 μm to 150 μm; a PSD(D50) from 220 μm to 320 μm; and a PSD (D90) from 480 μm to 560 μm.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can becharacterized, for example, by a PSD (D10) from 60 μm to 140 μm; a PSD(D50) from 230 μm to 310 μm; and a PSD (D90) from 490 μm to 550 μm.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can becharacterized, for example, by a PSD (D10) from 70 μm to 130 μm; a PSD(D50) from 240 μm to 300 μm; and a PSD (D90) from 500 μm to 540 μm.

A particle size distribution can be determined by laser diffraction orby sieve analysis.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can have a bulkdensity, for example, greater than 0.60 g/mL, greater than 0.90 g/mL,greater than 1.10 g/mL, greater than 1.30 g/mL, or greater than 1.50g/mL.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles can have a bulkdensity, for example, from 0.60 g/mL to 1.60 g/mL, from 0.70 g/mL to1.50 g/mL, from 0.80 g/mL to 1.40 g/mL, or from 1.00 g/mL to 1.20 g/mL.

Bulk density can be determined using a bulk density cylinder.

Smooth microparticle surfaces facilitate the ability to coat themicroparticles with a thin, continuous functional coating having asubstantially homogeneous thickness. The qualities of the coating can beimportant for modified or controlled release formulations. For example,rough and/or porous surfaces tend to require a significantly higheramount of a functional coating to achieve a comparable release profileto smooth surfaces. In addition, coatings of rough and/or poroussurfaces can lead to a variable dissolution or release profile.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles provided by thepresent disclosure can be characterized by a loss on drying (LOD), forexample, from 0.92 to 0.98, from 0.93 to 0.97, or from 0.94 to 0.96. TheLOD represents removal of water incorporated into the microparticlesduring preparation of the uncoated microparticles. LOD is determined bythermogravimetric analysis.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles provided by thepresent disclosure can be characterized by a friability value, forexample, from 0% to 2%, such as less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than0.5%. Microparticles with low friability are easier to coat than aremicroparticles with high friability. Friability is defined as the numberof microparticles having a diameter less than 75 μm that are generatedby subjecting a granulation to a sonic sifter operated at a vibrationamplitude of 8 corresponding to 3,600 sonic energy pulses per minute forat least 2 minutes.

A plurality of uncoated immediate release microparticles provided by thepresent disclosure can have a friability, for example, of 1.02% wherefriability is determined using a sonic sifter.

Methods of making uncoated immediate release microparticles provided bythe present disclosure are disclosed in U.S. Application Publication No.2021/039357 A1.

An immediate release component can comprise immediate releasemicroparticles or an immediate release formulation can be prepared bydissolving immediate release microparticles in a solution suitable fororal administration.

Immediate release microparticles can have an average particle sizedistribution (PSD) (D50) from 150 μm to 400 μm, from 150 μm to 350 μm,from 150 μm to 300 μm, or from 150 μm to 250 μm, where PSD is determinedby sieve analysis.

Immediate release microparticles can have, for example, a volume meandiameter D(4,3) from 200 μm to 500 μm or from 250 μm to 450 μm.

The core of an immediate release microparticle can comprise, forexample, greater than 90 wt %, such as greater than 92 wt %, greaterthan 94 wt %, greater than 96 wt %, greater than 98 wt %, or greaterthan 99 wt % of compound (1), where wt % is based on the total weight ofthe core of the immediate release microparticle.

An immediate release microparticle can comprise a thin protectivecoating such as a seal coating.

An immediate release microparticle can comprise a plurality of uncoatedimmediate release microparticles. An immediate release microparticlecomprising can comprise greater than 90 wt % of compound (1), where wt %is based on the total weight of the microparticle. An immediate releaseuncoated microparticle can dissolve completely, for example, in lessthan 10 minutes, less than 8 minutes, less than 6 minutes, less than 5minutes, or less than 4 minutes, when tested in a USP Type 2 dissolutionapparatus in a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C.and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

An immediate release microparticle can have an immediate release coatingsuch as a seal coating. An immediate release microparticle can comprisegreater than 80 wt % of compound (1). An immediate release microparticlecan dissolve completely, for example, in less than 25 minutes, less than20 minutes, less than 18 minutes, less than 16 minutes, less than 14minutes, or less than 12 minutes, when tested in a USP Type 2dissolution apparatus in a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperatureof 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm. An immediate releasemicroparticle can release greater than 80% of compound (1), for example,in less than 10 minutes, less than 8 minutes, less than 6 minutes, orless than 4 minutes, when tested in a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatusin a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddlespeed of 75 rpm.

A coated immediate release microparticle can comprise a coatingcomprising a water-soluble polymer such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,hydroxypropylethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, orpolyethyleneglycol. A coated immediate release microparticle cancomprise a coating comprising an antistatic agent such as talc,magnesium stearate, or silicon dioxide.

An immediate release microparticle can dissolve in a solution suitablefor oral administration.

A modified release component can comprise modified releasemicroparticles. For example, a modified release component can comprisemodified release microparticles suspended in a solution suitable fororal administration.

Modified release microparticles comprise a modified release coating.Modified release microparticles comprising 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid(1), methods of preparing the modified release microparticles, andproperties of the modified release microparticles are disclosed in U.S.Application Publication No. 2021/0393537 A1 and U.S. ApplicationPublication No. 2021/0393529 A1.

A modified release microparticle can comprise an uncoated immediaterelease microparticle with an overlying modified release coating. Amodified release microparticle can comprise an immediate releasemicroparticle having a seal coating, and a modified release coatingoverlying the seal coating.

A modified release coating can have an average thickness, for example,of less than 300 μm, less than 200 μm, less than 150 μm, less than 100μm, less than 50 μm, less than 25 μm, less than 20 μm, less than 10 μm,or less than 5 μm. A modified release coating can have an averagethickness, for example, from 5 μm to 300 μm, from 5 μm to 200 μm, from 5μm to 100 μm, from 5 μm to 50 μm, from 5 μm to 25 μm, from 5 μm to 20μm, or from 5 μm to 15 μm.

A modified release microparticle can comprise, for example, less than 50wt % of a modified release coating, less than 40 wt % of a modifiedrelease coating, less than 30 wt %, less than 20 wt %, or less than 10wt % of a modified release coating, where wt % is based on the totalweight of the modified release microparticle. Dosage forms containing ahighly water-soluble pharmaceutically active ingredient such as compound(1) can have a thick coating to reduce the release rate of thepharmaceutically active ingredient and/or increase the storage stabilityof the pharmaceutically active ingredient by minimizing or preventingingress of moisture.

A modified release microparticle can comprise, for example, greater than60 wt % of compound (1), greater than 70 wt %, greater than 80 wt %, orgreater than 85 wt % of compound (1), where wt % is based on the totalweight of the modified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle can comprise, for example, from 60 wt %to 85 wt % of compound (1), from 65 wt % to 80 wt %, or from 70 wt % to75 wt % of compound (1), where wt % is based on the total weight of themodified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle can comprise, for example, from 5 wt %to 40 wt % of a modified release coating, from 10 wt % to 35 wt %, from15 wt % to 30 wt %, or from 20 wt % to 25 wt % of a modified releasecoating, where wt % is based on the total weight of the modified releasemicroparticle. A modified release microparticle can comprise, forexample, greater than 5 wt % of a modified release coating, greater than10 wt %, greater than 15 wt %, greater than 20 wt %, greater than 25 wt%, or greater than 30 wt % of a modified release coating, where wt % isbased on the total weight of the modified release microparticle. Amodified release microparticle can comprise, for example, less than 40wt % of a modified release coating, less than 35 wt %, less than 30 wt%, less than 25 wt %, less than 20 wt %, less than 15 wt %, or less than10 wt % of a modified release coating, where wt % is based on the totalweight of the modified release coating.

A modified release microparticle can comprise, for example, from 60 wt %to 95 wt % of an uncoated immediate release microparticle, from 65 wt %to 90 wt %, from 70 wt % to 85 wt %, or from 75 wt % to 80 wt % of anuncoated immediate release microparticle, where wt % is based on thetotal weight of the modified release microparticle. A modified releasemicroparticle can comprise, for example, greater than 60 wt % of anuncoated immediate release microparticle, greater than 65 wt %, greaterthan 70 wt %, greater than 75 wt %, greater than 80 wt %, greater than85 wt %, or greater than 90 wt % of an immediate release microparticles,where wt % is based on the total weight of the modified releasemicroparticle.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, a matrix polymer,an anti-static agent, and a plasticizer.

A modified release coating can comprise a matrix polymer or combinationof matrix polymers. A combination of a matrix polymer and/or a poreforming polymer can be selected to provide for a desired release profileof compound (1) in the gastrointestinal tract.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, from 60 wt % to 85wt % of a matrix polymer, from 65 wt % to 80 wt %, or from 70 wt % to 80wt %, of a matrix polymer, where wt % is based on the total weight ofthe modified release coating.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, less than 85 wt %of a matrix polymer, less than 80 wt %, less than 75 wt %, less than 70wt %, or less than 65 wt % of a matrix polymer, where wt % is based onthe total weight of the modified release coating.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, greater than 60%of a matrix polymer, greater than 65 wt %, greater than 70 wt %, greaterthan 75 wt %, or greater than 80 wt % of a matrix polymer, where wt % isbased on the total weight of the modified release coating.

A matrix polymer can comprise a water-insoluble polymer or combinationof water-insoluble polymers.

Examples of suitable water insoluble polymers include ethylcellulose andpolyvinyl acetates, polyacrylates, and polymethacrylates.

A water insoluble polymer such as ethylcellulose can have a numberaverage molecular weight, for example, from 25,000 Daltons, to 300,000Daltons, such as from 50,000 Daltons to 200,000 Daltons, from 50,000Daltons to 150,000 Daltons, or from 50,000 Daltons to 100,000 Daltons.

A water insoluble polymer such as ethylcellulose can have a viscosity,for example, less than 100 mPa×sec, less than 75 mPa×sec, less than 50mPa×sec, less than 25 mPa×sec, less than 20 mPa×sec, or less than 15mPa×sec, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer in an 80:20 mixtureof toluene/ethanol.

Examples of suitable ethylcellulose polymers include AQUALON® T10 Pharm,N7 Pharm, N10 Pharm, N14 Pharm, N22 Pharm, N50 Pharm, and N100 Pharmpolymers, available from Ashland. Other examples of suitableethylcellulose polymers include ETHOCEL® Standard 7, Standard 10,Standard 14, Standard 20 polymers, available from Dupont.

A matrix polymer can comprise, for example, from 90 wt % to 100 wt % ofa water-insoluble polymer, from 91 wt % to 99 wt %, from 82 wt % to 98wt %, or from 93 wt % to 97 wt % of a water-insoluble polymer, where wt% is based on the total weight of the matrix polymer. A matrix polymercan comprise, for example, greater than 90 wt % of a water insolublepolymer, greater than 92 wt %, greater than 94 wt %, greater than 96 wt%, or greater than 98 wt % of a water insoluble polymer, where wt % isbased on the total weight of the matrix polymer. A matrix polymer cancomprise, for example less than 100 wt % of a water insoluble polymer,less than 98 wt %, less than 96 wt %, less than 94 wt %, or less than 92wt % of a water insoluble polymer, where wt % is based on the totalweight of the matrix polymer.

A matrix polymer can comprise a pore forming polymer. Examples of poreforming polymers include water-soluble polymers, polymers that swell orexpand such as carbomers, and polymers soluble in gastric fluid such ascellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers, andpolyvinyl acetate phthalate. A pore forming polymer can increase thepermeability of a modified release coating under intended conditions.

A matrix polymer can comprise a water-soluble polymer or combination ofwater-soluble polymers.

Examples of suitable water-soluble polymers include hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose,hydroxypropylethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol,polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, copovidone, and poloxamer.

A water-soluble polymer such as hydroxypropylcellulose can have a numberaverage molecular weight, for example less than 1,000,000 Daltons, lessthan 800,000 Daltons, less than 600,000 Daltons, less than 400,000Daltons, less than 200,000 Daltons, less than 100,000 Daltons, or lessthan 50,0000 Daltons.

A water-soluble polymer such as hydroxypropyl cellulose can have aviscosity, for example less than 7,000 mPa×sec, less than 5,000 mPa×sec,less than 3,000 mPa×sec, or less than 1,000 mPa×sec, as determined usinga Brookfield viscometer in an 80:20 mixture of toluene/ethanol.

Examples of suitable hydroxypropyl cellulose polymers include KLUCEL® HF Pharm, M F Pharm, G F Pharm J F Pharm, L F Pharm, E F Pharm, and E L FPharm polymers, available from Ashland.

Examples of suitable hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose polymers includePHARMACOAT® 603, 645, 606 and 615 polymers, available from Shin-EtsuChemical Co.

A matrix polymer can comprise, for example, from 90 wt % to 100 wt % ofa water insoluble polymer and from 0 wt % to 10 wt %, from 1 wt % to 8wt %, or from 2 wt % to 6 wt % of a water-soluble polymer, where wt % isbased on the total weight of the matrix polymer. A matrix polymer cancomprise, for example, greater than 0 wt % of a water-soluble polymer,greater than 2 wt %, greater than 4 wt %, greater than 6 wt %, orgreater than 8 wt % of a water-soluble polymer, where wt % is based onthe total weight of the matrix polymer. A matrix polymer can comprise,for example, less than 10 wt % of a water-soluble polymer, less than 8wt %, less than 6 wt %, less than 4 wt %, or less than 2 wt % of awater-soluble polymer, where wt % is based on the total weight of thematrix polymer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the matrixpolymer.

A matrix polymer can comprise, for example, from 90 wt % to 100 wt % ofa water-insoluble polymer and from 0 wt % to 10 wt % of a water-solublepolymer, from 92 wt % to 98 wt % of a water-insoluble polymer and from 2wt % to 8 wt % of a water-soluble polymer, or from 94 wt % to 96 wt % ofa water-insoluble polymer and from 4 wt % to 6 wt % of a water-solublepolymer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the matrix polymer.

A modified release coating can be applied to immediate releasemicroparticles provided by the present disclosure by any suitable methodsuch as by spraying a solution, suspension, or dispersion of themodified release coating onto immediate release microparticles in afluidized bed apparatus.

In addition to a matrix polymer or combination of matrix polymers, amodified release coating can comprise, for example, a plasticizingagent, an antistatic agent, an anti-tacking agent, a colorant orpigment, a glidant, a viscosity modifier, or a combination of any of theforegoing.

A modified release coating can comprise an antistatic agent orcombination of antistatic agents.

An antistatic agent is useful to minimize or prevent agglomeration ofthe microparticles during application of the modified release coating.

Examples of suitable antistatic agents include talc (magnesiumsilicate), magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide. For example, anantistatic agent can comprise talc.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, from 10 wt % to 20wt % of an antistatic agent, such as from 12 wt % to 18 wt %, or from 14wt % to 16 wt % of an antistatic agent, where wt % is based on the totalweight of the modified release coating. A modified release coating cancomprise, for example, less than 20 wt % of an antistatic agent, lessthan 18 wt %, less than 16 wt %, less than 14 wt % or less than 12 wt %of an antistatic agent, where wt % is based on the total weight of themodified release coating. A modified release coating can comprise, forexample, greater than 10 wt % of an antistatic agent, greater than 12 wt%, greater than 14 wt %, greater than 16 wt %, or greater than 18 wt %of an antistatic agent, where wt % is based on the total weight of themodified release coating.

A modified release coating can comprise a plasticizer or combination ofplasticizers.

A plasticizer is useful to provide a modified release coating having auniform thickness.

Examples of suitable plasticizers include dibutyl sebacate, polyethyleneglycol, triacetin, and triethyl citrate.

A modified release coating can comprise, for example, from 0 wt % to 14wt % of a plasticizer, such as from 2 wt % to 12 wt %, or from 4 wt % to10 wt % of a plasticizer, where wt % is based on the total weight of themodified release coating. A modified release coating can comprise, forexample, less than 14 wt % of a plasticizer, less than 12 wt %, lessthan 12 wt %, less than 8 wt %, less than 6 wt %, or less than 4 wt % ofa plasticizer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the modifiedrelease coating. A modified release coating can comprise, for example,greater than 0 wt % of a plasticizer, greater than 2 wt %, greater than4 wt %, greater than 6 wt %, greater than 8 wt %, greater than 10 wt %,or greater than 12 wt % of a plasticizer, where wt % is based on thetotal weight of the modified release coating.

A modified release coating provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 60 wt % to 85 wt % of a matrix polymer, from10 wt % to 20 wt % of an antistatic agent, and from 0 wt % to 14 wt % ofa plasticizer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the modifiedrelease coating.

A modified release coating provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 65 wt % to 80 wt % of a matrix polymer, from12 wt % to 18 wt % of an antistatic agent, and from 2 wt % to 12 wt % ofa plasticizer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the modifiedrelease coating.

A modified release coating provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 70 wt % to 80 wt % of a matrix polymer, from14 wt % to 16 wt % of an antistatic agent, and from 4 wt % to 10 wt % ofa plasticizer, where wt % is based on the total weight of the modifiedrelease coating.

In a modified release coating the matrix polymer can compriseethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose, the plasticizer can comprisedibutyl sebacate, and the antistatic agent can comprise talc.

In a modified release coating the matrix polymer can compriseethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose, the antistatic agent cancomprise magnesium stearate, and there can be no plasticizer.

A coated immediate release microparticle can comprise a seal coatingoverlying the immediate release microparticle comprising thepharmaceutically active ingredient. A modified release coating canoverly the seal coating.

A seal coating can minimize the ingress of moisture into thepharmaceutically active ingredient and thereby increase the storagestability of the coated microparticle by reducing hydrolysis of thepharmaceutically active ingredient. A seal coating can also minimizenegative interactions between the modified release coating and thepharmaceutically active ingredient, and thereby increase the storagestability of the coated microparticle by reducing hydrolysis of thepharmaceutically active ingredient such as compound (1).

A seal coating can comprise a water-soluble polymer such as, forexample, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, orpolyethylene glycol.

A seal coating can have an average thickness, for example from 0.5 μm to5 μm, from 1 μm to 4 μm, or from 1 μm to 3 μm. A seal coating can havean average thickness, for example, less than 5 μm, less than 4 μm, lessthan 3 μm, less than 2 μm, or less than 1 μm.

A seal coating can be applied to an immediate release microparticle suchthat the % wg is less than 15% wg, less than 10% wg, less than 8% wg,less than 6% wg, or less than 4% wg, where % wg is based on the weightof the uncoated immediate release microparticle. A seal coating can beapplied to a microparticle such that the % wg is from 1% wg to 15% wg,from 1% wg to 10% wg, from 2% wg to 8% wg, or from 4% wg to 6% wg, where% wg is based on the weight of the uncoated immediate releasemicroparticle.

In a coated immediate release microparticle comprising a seal coatingcomprising a water-soluble polymer, the modified release coating may notcontain a water-soluble polymer.

A modified release microparticle provided by the present disclosure canhave a water content, for example, less than 2 wt %, less than 1.5 wt %less than 1 wt %, less than 0.5 wt % or less than 0.25 wt %, where wt %is based on the total weight of the modified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle provided by the present disclosure canhave a water content, for example, from 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, from 0.1 wt% to 1 wt %, or from 0.2 wt % to 0.5 wt %, where wt % is based on thetotal weight of the modified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle can have a bulk density, for example,greater than 0.55 g/mL, greater than 0.60 g/mL, greater than 0.65 g/mL,greater than 0.70 g/mL, or greater than 0.75 g/mL.

A modified release microparticle can have a bulk density, for example,from 0.55 g/mL to 0.80 g/mL, from 0.60 g/mL to 75 g/mL, from 0.60 g/mLto 0.70 g/mL.

Bulk density can be determined using a bulk density cylinder.

A modified release microparticle provided by the present disclosure canhave a water content, for example, less than 2 wt %, less than 1.5 wt %less than 1 wt %, less than 0.5 wt % or less than 0.25 wt %, where wt %is based on the total weight of the modified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle provided by the present disclosure canhave a water content, for example, from 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, from 0.1 wt% to 1 wt %, or from 0.2 wt % to 0.5 wt %, where wt % is based on thetotal weight of the modified release microparticle.

A modified release microparticle can have a bulk density, for example,greater than 0.55 g/mL, greater than 0.60 g/mL, greater than 0.65 g/mL,greater than 0.70 g/mL, or greater than 0.75 g/mL.

A modified release microparticle can have a bulk density, for example,from 0.55 g/mL to 0.80 g/mL, from 0.60 g/mL to 75 g/mL, from 0.60 g/mLto 0.70 g/mL.

Bulk density can be determined using a bulk density cylinder.

A modified release microparticle provided by the present disclosure canbe characterized, for example, by a PSD (D50), for example, from 150 μmto 350 μm, such as from 175 μm to 325 μm, from 200 μm to 300 μm, or from225 μm to 275 μm.

A modified release microparticle can be characterized, for example, by aPSD (D10) from 50 μm to 150 μm, from 60 μm to 140 μm, from 70 μm, to 120μm, or from 80 μm to 110 μm.

An uncoated microparticle can be characterized, for example, by a PSD(D90) from 450 μm to 750 μm, from 475 μm to 725 μm, from 500 μm to 700μm, from 525 μm to 675 μm, or from 550 μm to 650 μm.

A modified release microparticle can be characterized, for example, by aPSD (D10) from 50 μm to 150 μm such as from 60 μm to 140 μm; a PSD (D50)from 230 μm to 310 μm; and a PSD (D90) from 490 μm to 550 μm.

A modified release microparticle can be characterized, for example, by aPSD (D10) from 70 μm to 130 μm; a PSD (D50) from 240 μm to 300 μm; and aPSD (D90) from 500 μm to 540 μm.

A particle size distribution can be determined by laser diffraction orby sieve analysis.

A modified release microparticle (MR1) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from70% to 90% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 85% to 100% within 4 hours, and greater than 95% within 6hours, as determined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with abuffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddlespeed of 75 rpm.

A modified release microparticle (MR1) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from75% to 85% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 90% to 100% within 4 hours, and greater than 95% within 6hours, as determined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with abuffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddlespeed of 75 rpm.

A modified release microparticle (MR2) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from45% to 65% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 70% to 90% within 4 hours, from 80% to 100% within 6hours, and greater than 90% within 8 hours, as determined using a USPType 2 dissolution apparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at atemperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

A modified release microparticle (MR2) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from50% to 60% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 75% to 85% within 4 hours, from 85% to 95% within 6 hours,and greater than 90% within 8 hours, as determined using a USP Type 2dissolution apparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at atemperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

A modified release microparticle (MR3) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from25% to 45% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 60% to 80% within 4 hours, from 70% to 90% within 6 hours,from 80% to 100% within 8 hours and greater than 90% within 12 hours, asdetermined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with a bufferedsolution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75rpm.

A modified release microparticle (MR3) provided by the presentdisclosure can be characterized by a dissolution profile in which from30% to 40% of compound (1) is released into the dissolution media within2 hours, from 65% to 75% within 4 hours, from 75% to 85% within 6 hours,from 85% to 95% within 8 hours and greater than 90% within 12 hours, asdetermined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with a bufferedsolution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75rpm.

A modified release microparticle can release, for example, 25% ofcompound (1) in less than 2 hours, 50% of compound (1) in from 1 hoursto 4 hours, 75% of compound (1) in from 1.5 hours to 6 hours, andgreater than 85% of compound (1) from the modified release particle intothe dissolution medium, as determined using a USP Type 2 dissolutionapparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C.and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

A modified release macroparticle can release, for example, greater than20% of compound (1) in two hours, greater than 50% within 4 hours,greater than 70% within 6 hours, greater than 80% within 8 hours, andgreater than 90% within 10 hours, as determined using a USP Type 2dissolution apparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at atemperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of 0.45 hours, a mean T_(max) of 0.6 hours, a mean C_(max) of 18μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 16 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) of 16 h×μg/mL, and/ora CL/F of 501 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of from 0.35 hours to 0.55 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.5 hoursto 0.7 hours, a mean C_(max) from 16 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 14 h×μg/mL to 18 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 14 h×μg/mL to 18h×μg/mL, and/or a CL/F of 480 L/h to 520 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of from 0.4 hours to 0.5 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.55 hoursto 0.65 hours, a mean C_(max) from 17 μg/mL to 19 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 15 h×μg/mL to 17 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 15 h×μg/mL to 17h×μg/mL, and/or a CL/F of 490 L/h to 510 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of 0.87 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.3 hours, a mean C_(max) of 8μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 15 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) of 15 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F of 514 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.7 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.1 hours to1.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 0.6 μg/mL to 1.0 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 13 h×μg/mL to 17 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 13 h×μg/mL to 17h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 495 L/h to 535 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.2 hours to1.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 0.7 μg/mL to 0.9 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 14 h×μg/mL to 16 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 14 h×μg/mL to 16h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 505 L/h to 525 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of 0.82 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.6 hours, a mean C_(max) of 5μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 12 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) 12 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F of 642 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 1.0 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.4 hours to1.8 hours, a mean C_(max) from 3 μg/mL to 7 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 10h×μg/mL to 14 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 10 h×μg/mL to 14 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F from 620 L/h to 660 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.7 hours to 0.9 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.5 hours to1.7 hours, a mean C_(max) from 4 μg/mL to 6 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 9h×μg/mL to 11 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 11 h×μg/mL to 13 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F from 630 L/h to 650 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) of 1.01 hours, a mean T_(max) of 2.3 hours, a mean C_(max) of3.7 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 10 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) 11 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F of 715 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.1 hours to2.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 3.5 μg/mL to 3.9 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 8 h×μg/mL to 12 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 9 h×μg/mL to 13h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 695 L/h to 735 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can be characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.9 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.2 hours to2.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 3.6 μg/mL to 3.8 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 9 h×μg/mL to 11 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 10 h×μg/mL to 12h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 705 L/h to 725 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) of 0.66 hours, a mean T_(max) of 0.9 hours, a mean C_(max)of 83 μg/mL, an AUC₀₋₆ of 167 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) of 168 h×μg/mL,and/or a CL/F of 48.5 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.45 hours to 0.85 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.7hours to 1.1 hours, a mean C_(max) from 75 μg/mL to 96 μg/mL, an AUC₀₋₆from 147 h×μg/mL to 187 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 150 h×μg/mL to 190h×μg/mL, and/or a CL/F from 38 L/h to 58 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.55 hours to 0.75 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.9hours to 1.0 hours, a mean C_(max) from 80 μg/mL to 90 μg/mL, an AUC₀₋₆from 157 h×μg/mL to 177 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 160 h×μg/mL to 180h×μg/mL, and/or a CL/F from 43 L/h to 53 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) of 0.85 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.7 hours, a mean C_(max)of 42 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 116 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) of 120h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 82 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.65 hours to 1.05 hours, a mean T_(max) from, 1.5hours to 1.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 32 μg/mL to 52 μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 96 h×μg/mL to 136 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 100h×μg/mL to 140 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 62 L/h to 102 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.75 hours to 0.95 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.6hours to 1.8 hours, a mean C_(max) from 37 μg/mL to 47 μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 106 h×μg/mL to 126 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 110h×μg/mL to 130 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 72 L/h to 92 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) of 1.0 hour, a mean T_(max) of 2.3 hours, a mean C_(max) of25 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 73 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) 76 h×μg/mL,and/or a mean CL/F of 119 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.2 hour, a mean T_(max) from 2.1 hoursto 2.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 23 μg/mL to 27 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 63 h×μg/mL to 83 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 66 h×μg/mL to 86h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 100 L/h to 140 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.9 hours to 1.1 hour, a mean T_(max) from 2.2 hoursto 2.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 24 μg/mL to 26 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 68 h×μg/mL to 78 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 71 h×μg/mL to 81h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 110 L/h to 130 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) of 1.5 hours, a mean T_(max) of 3.0 hours, a mean C_(max)of 16 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 49 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) of 55h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 146 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 1.3 hours to 1.7 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.8 hoursto 3.2 hours, a mean C_(max) from 14 μg/mL to 18 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 45 h×μg/mL to 53 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 51 h×μg/mL to 59h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 136 L/h to 156 L/h.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 1.4 hours to 1.6 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.9 hoursto 3.1 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to 17 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 47 h×μg/mL to 51 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 53 h×μg/mL to 57h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 141 L/h to 151 L/h.

Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio of 4.9, andAUC_(0-inf) ratio of 11.3. Following oral administration of an IRformulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 3.9 to 5.9, and AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10.3 to 12.3.Following oral administration of an IR formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.4to 5.4, and AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10.8 to 11.8.

Following oral administration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio of 5.2, andAUC_(0-inf) ratio of 7.6, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 5.0 to 5.4, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 7.2 to 8.0, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR1 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 5.1 to 5.3, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 7.4 to 7.8, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(m)a, ratio of 4.9, andAUC_(0-inf) ratio of 6.3, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.5 to 5.3, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 5.9 to 6.7, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR2 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.7 to 5.1, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 6.1 to 6.5, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g ofcompound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio of 4.4, andAUC_(0-inf) ratio of 5.2, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.0 to 4.8, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 4.8 to 5.6, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value. Following oraladministration of an MR3 formulation comprising 7.25 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.2 to 4.6, and AUC_(0-inf) ratiofrom 5.0 to 5.4, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1) value.

A pharmaceutical composition can comprise an immediate release componentand a modified component.

An immediate release component can comprise any of the immediate releasemicroparticles disclosed herein.

A modified release component can comprise any of the modifiedmicroparticles or combinations of modified release microparticlesdisclosed herein.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of compound (1) in an IRcomponent and from 90 wt % to 50 wt % in a MR component, from 20 wt % to40 wt % of compound (1) in an IR component and from 80 wt % to 60 wt %γ-hydroxybutyrate in an MR component, or from 25 wt % to 35 wt % ofcompound (1) in an IR component and from 75 wt % to 65 wt % of compound(1) in an MR component, where wt % is based on the total weight ofcompound (1) in the pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, greater than 10 wt % of compound (1) in an IRcomponent and less than 90% of compound (1) in an MR component, greaterthan 20 wt % of compound (1) in an IR component and less than 80% ofcompound (1) in an MR components, greater than 30 wt % of compound (1)in an IR component and less than 70% of compound (1) in an MR component,or greater than 40 wt % of compound (1) in an IR component and less than60% of compound (1) in an MR component, where wt % is based on the totalweight of compound (1) in the pharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can havea weight ratio of compound (1) in an IR component to compound (1) in aMR component, for example, from 1:1.5 to 1:3.5, from 1:1.7 to 1:3.3,from 1:1.9 to 1:3.1, from 1:2.1 to 1:2.9, or from 1:2:3 to 1:2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can havea weight ratio of compound (1) in an IR component to compound (1) in anMR component, for example, greater than 1:1.5, greater than 1:1.7,greater than 1:1.9, greater than 1:2.1, greater than 1:2.3, greater than1:2.5 or greater than 1:2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 2.5 g to 7.0 g of compound (1) in an IRcomponent, from 2.75 g to 6.5 g, from 3 g to 6 g, from 3.25 g to 5.75 g,from 3.5 g to 5.5 g, from 3.75 g to 5.25 g or from 4 g to 6 g ofcompound (1) in an IR component.

A pharmaceutical composition can comprise, for example, from 7 g to 15 gof compound (1) in an MR component, from 7.5 g to 14 g, from 8 g to 13g, from 8.5 g to 12 g, or from 9 g to 11 g of compound (1) in an MRcomponent.

A pharmaceutical composition can comprise for example, from 2.5 g to 7 gof compound (1) in an IR component and from 7 g to 15 g of compound (1)in an MR component; from 3 g to 6 g of compound (1) in an IR componentand from 8 g to 14 g of compound (1) in an MR component; from 3.5 g to5.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and from 9 g to 13 g ofcompound (1) in an MR component; or from 4 g to 5 g of compound (1) inan IR component and from 9 g to 12 g of compound (1) in an MR component.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 9.5 g to 22 g of compound (1), from 10 g to20 g of compound (1), from 12 g to 18 g of compound (1), or from 14 g to16 g of compound (1). A pharmaceutical composition provided by thepresent disclosure can comprise, for example, greater than 9 g ofcompound (1), greater than 10 g, greater than 12 g, greater than 14 g,greater than 16 g, greater than 18 g, or greater than 20 g of compound(1).

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 10 wt % to 50 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an IR component and from 50% to 90 wt % in a MRcomponent, from 20 wt % to 40 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in anIR component and from 60 wt % to 80 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrate in an MRcomponent, or from 25 wt % to 35 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents inan IR component and from 65 wt % to 75 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an MR component, where wt % γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalentsis based on the total wt % of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in thepharmaceutical composition.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, greater than 10 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an IR component and less than 90% γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an MR components, greater than 20 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an IR component and less than 80% γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an MR components, greater than 30 wt % γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an IR component and less than 70% γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents in an MR components, or greater than 40 wt %γ-hydroxybutyrate in an IR component and less than 60% γ-hydroxybutyratein an MR components, where wt % γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents is basedon the total γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

A pharmaceutical composition provide by the present disclosure can havea weight ratio of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component toγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in a MR component, for example, from1.0:1.5 to 1.0:3.5, from 1.0:1.7 to 1.0:3.3, from 1.0:1.9 to 1.0:3.1,from 1.0:2.1 to 1.0:2.9, or from 1.0:2.3 to 1:2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can havea weight ratio of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component toγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component, for example, greaterthan 1.0:1.5, greater than 1.0:1.7, greater than 1.0:1.9, greater than1.0:2.1, greater than 1.0:2.3, greater than 1.0:2.5 or greater than1.0:2.7.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 1 g to 4 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalentsin an IR component, from 1.5 g to 3.5 g, from 1.75 g to 3.25 g, or from2.0 g to 3.0 g, γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component.

A pharmaceutical composition can comprise, for example, from 3 g to 9 gof γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component, from 3.5 g to 8.5g, from 4 g to 8 g, from 4.5 g to 7.5 g, or from 5 g to 8 g ofγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component.

A pharmaceutical composition can comprise for example, from 1 g to 4 gof γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component and from 3 g to 9 gof γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component; from 1.5 g to 3.5 gof γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component and from 3.5 g to8.5 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component; from 1.75 gto 3.25 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component and from4.5 g to 7.5 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component; orfrom 2 g to 3 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an IR component andfrom 5 g to 8 g of γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents in an MR component.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, from 6.5 g to 18 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents,from 8 g to 16 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents, from 10 g to 14 g ofcompound (1), or from 11 g to 13 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents. Apharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, greater than 9 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents,greater than 6.5 g, greater than 8 g, greater than 10 g, greater than 12g, greater than 14 g, or greater than 16 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents.

Methods for determining the pharmacokinetic profile forγ-hydroxybutyrate and 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (1) following oraladministration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (1) fasted, healthysubjects is provided in the experimental examples.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.71 hours, a mean T_(max) of 0.6hours, a mean C_(max) of 20 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 30 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 31 h×μg/mL, and a mean CL/F of 493 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising of 4.5 g of compound (1), and anMR1 component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 0.8 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.5 hours to 0.7 hours, a mean C_(max) from 10 μg/mL to 30μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 20 h×μg/mL to 40 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 20 h×μg/mL to 40 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 440 L/h to 540L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.65 hours to 0.75 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.55 hours to 0.65 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to25 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 25 h×μg/mL to 35 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) from 25 h×μg/mL to 435 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 470L/h to 510 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.70 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.8hours, a mean C_(max) of 99 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 379 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 407 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 395 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 0.8 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.6 hours to 2.0 hours, a mean C_(max) from 80 μg/mL to 120μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 340 h×μg/mL to 420 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 360 h×μg/mL to 440 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 360 L/h to 440L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.65 hours to 0.75 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.7 hours to 1.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 90 μg/mL to 110μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 360 h×μg/mL to 400 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 380 h×μg/mL to 420 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 380 L/h to 420L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio of 5.3, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio of 13.3, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1)value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 4.5 to 6.5, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 11.5 to15.5, where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate valueto the corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR1)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 4.7 to 6.3, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 12.5 to14.5, where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate valueto the corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.89 hours, a mean T_(max) of 0.8hours, a mean C_(max) of 17 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 26 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 26 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 570 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.7 hours to 1.1 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.7 hours to 0.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to 19μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 22 h×μg/mL to 30 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 22 h×μg/mL to 30 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 530 L/h to 610 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.75 hours to 0.85 hours, a mean C_(max) from 16 μg/mL to18 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 24 h×μg/mL to 28 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) from 24 h×μg/mL to 28 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 550 L/hto 590 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.92 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.3hours, a mean C_(max) of 75 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 307 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 342 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 525 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.1 hours to 1.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 65 μg/mL to 85μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 290 h×μg/mL to 330 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 320 h×μg/mL to 360 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 505 L/h to 545L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.85 hours to 0.95 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.2 hours to 1.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 70 μg/mL to 80μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 300 h×μg/mL to 320 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 330 h×μg/mL to 350 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 515 L/h to 535L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio of 4.9, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio of 12.7, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1)value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 4.7 to 5.1, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 11 to 15,where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value tothe corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR2)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 4.8 to 5.0, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 12 to 14,where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value tothe corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.0hours, a mean C_(max) of 19 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 32 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 34 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 569 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 1.0 hours to 1.2 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.9 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to 23μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 28 h×μg/mL to 36 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 30 to 38 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 550 L/h to 590 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 1.05 hours to 1.15 hours, a meanT_(max) from 0.95 hours to 1.05 hours, a mean C_(max) from 17 μg/mL to21 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 30 h×μg/mL to 32 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) from 32 h×μg/mL to 36 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 560L/h to 580 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.97 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.7hours, a mean C_(max) of 96 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 334 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 389 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 55 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.9 hours to 1.1 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.5 hours to 1.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 85 μg/mL to 105μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 314 h×μg/mL to 354 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 370 h×μg/mL to 410 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 45 L/h to 65L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.95 hours to 1.05 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.6 hours to 1.8 hours, a mean C_(max) from 90 μg/mL to 100μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 324 h×μg/mL to 344 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 380 h×μg/mL to 400 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 50 L/h to 60L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio of 5.3, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio of 11.6, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1)value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 5.0 to 5.6, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10 to 14,where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value tothe corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR3)comprising an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1), and an MR1component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 5.1 to 5.5, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 11 to 13,where the ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value tothe corresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) of 1.0hours, a mean C_(max) of 19 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 31 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 34 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 554 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 1.0 hours to 1.2 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.0 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean C_(max) from 17 μg/mL to 21μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 29 h×μg/mL to 33 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)from 32 h×μg/mL to 36 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 535 L/h to 575L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) can becharacterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 1.05 hours to 1.15 hours, a meanT_(max) from 1.05 hours to 1.15 hours, a mean C_(max) from 18 μg/mL to20 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 30 h×μg/mL to 32 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) from 33 h×μg/mL to 35 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 545L/h to 565 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) of 0.9 hours, a mean T_(max) of 2.2hours, a mean C_(max) of 92 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ of 332 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf) of 404 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 55.4 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a meanT_(max) from 2.0 hours to 2.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 88 μg/mL to 96μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 310 h×μg/mL to 350 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf)h×μg/mL from 380 h×μg/mL to 420 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 51 L/hto 59 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate canbe characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from 0.85 hours to 0.95 hours, a meanT_(max) from 2.1 hours to 2.3 hours, a mean C_(max) from 90 μg/mL to 94μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 320 h×μg/mL to 340 h×μg/mL, a meanAUC_(0-inf)h×μg/mL from 390 h×μg/mL to 410 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/Ffrom 53 L/h to 57 L/h.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio of 6.0, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio of 12.0, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1)value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 4 to 8, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10 to 14, wherethe ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to thecorresponding compound (1) value.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation (CR4)comprising an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1), and an MR2component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile can be characterized by aC_(max) ratio from 5 to 7, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 11 to 13, wherethe ratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to thecorresponding compound (1) value.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure at6 hours following oral administration of the combined releaseformulation comprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1) to a populationof fasted, healthy subjects, the concentration of γ-hydroxybutyrate inthe plasma of the subjects can be less than 15 μg/mL, less than 10μg/mL, or less than 5 μg/mL.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurefollowing oral administration of the combined release formulationcomprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the plasma ofthe subjects can be greater than the sum of: (a) the AUC_(inf) ofγ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration of the immediate releasecomponent; and (b) the AUC_(inf) of γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of the modified release component to the population offasted, healthy subjects.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurebetween 6 hours and 8 hours following oral administration of thecombined release formulation comprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound(1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects, the γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration in the plasma of the subjects can be greater than the sumof: (a) the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration between 6 hours and 8 hoursfollowing oral administration of the immediate release component; and(b) the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration between 6 hours and 8 hoursfollowing oral administration of the modified release component to thepopulation of fasted, healthy subjects.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurefollowing oral administration of the combined release formulationcomprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1) to a population of healthy,fasted subjects, concentration from 6 hours to 8 hours following oraladministration can be greater than the concentration ofγ-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma of the subjects following administrationof the modified release component alone.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurethe mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration ofthe immediate release component and the modified release component to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects can be greater than the sum ofthe mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration ofthe immediate release component alone, and the mean γ-hydroxybutyrateAUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of the modified releasecomponent alone.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurethe mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of theimmediate release component and the modified release component to apopulation of subjects is substantially the same as the sum of the meancompound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of the immediaterelease component alone, and the mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) followingoral administration of the modified release component alone.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurethe mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration ofa combined release formulation comprising an immediate release componentcomprising 4.52 gm compound (1) and a modified release componentcomprising 10 gm compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects is greater than the sum of the mean γ-hydroxybutyrateAUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of an immediate releasecomponent comprising 7.25 gm compound (1) alone, and the meanγ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of amodified release component comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone.

For a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurethe mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of thecombined release formulation comprising an immediate release componentcomprising 4.52 gm compound (1) and a modified release componentcomprising 10 gm compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects is substantially the same as the sum of the mean compound (1)AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of an immediate releasecomponent comprising 7.25 gm compound (1) alone, and the mean compound(1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of a modified releasecomponent comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone.

A combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure cancomprise an immediate release component and a modified releasecomponent.

An immediate release component can comprise an uncoated microparticlescomprising a compound (1) or seal-coated microparticles comprising acompound (1).

An immediate release component can comprise a solution comprisingcompound (1).

A modified release component can comprise uncoated or seal-coatedmicroparticles comprising a compound (1) with a modified release coatingcovering the microparticles. The modified release microparticles cancomprise, for example, from 5% wg to 50% wg of a modified releasecoating.

A combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure cancomprise, for example, greater than 5 gm of a compound (1), greater than8 g, greater than 12 g, greater than 16 g, or greater than 20 g of acompound (1). A combined release formulation provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise, for example, from 5 g to 20 g of a compound(1), from 7 g to 18 g, from 9 g to 16 g, or from 11 g to 16 g of acompound (1).

In a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure,the immediate release component can comprise from 2.5 g to 6.5 g such asfrom 3.5 g to 5.5 g of a compound (1), and the modified releasecomponent can comprise from 12.5 g to 16.5 g such as from 12.5 g to 15.5g of a compound (1).

In a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure aweight ratio of the compound (1) in the immediate release component tothe compound in the modified release component can be, for example, from0.3 to 0.6, from 0.35 to 0.55, or from 0.40 to 0.50.

In a combined release formulation provided by the present disclosurefrom 15 wt % to 45 wt % of the compound (1) can be in the immediaterelease compound, from 20 wt % to 40 wt %, or from 25 wt % to 35 wt %,where wt % is based on the total weight of the compound (1) in thecombined release formulation.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents (11.3 g to 17.7 g of acompound (1)) to a population of fasted patients the plasmaγ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a meanT_(max) of less than 2.4 hours, less than 2.2 hours, less than 2.0hours, less than 1.8 hours, less than 1.6 hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean T_(max) from 1.4 hours to 2.4 hours, from 1.5hours to 2.2 hours, from 1.6 hours to 2.0 hours, or from 1.7 hours to1.9 hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C_(max) of less than 100 μg/mL, less than 95μg/mL, less than 90 μg/mL, less than 85 μg/mL, or less than 80 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C_(max) from 75 μg/mL to 105 μg/mL, from 80μg/mL to 100 μg/mL, or from 85 μg/mL to 95 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean AUC_(0-6h) of greater than 250 h×μg/mL, greaterthan 275 h×μg/mL, greater than 300 h×μg/mL, greater than 325 h×μg/mL,greater than 350 h×μg/mL, greater than 400 h×μg/mL, or greater than 425h×μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean AUC_(0-6h) of from 250 h×μg/mL to 425 h×μg/mL,from 275 h×μg/mL to 400 h×μg/mL, from 300 h×μg/mL to 375 h×μg/mL, orfrom 325 h×μg/mL to 375 h×μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C₆ of less than 36 μg/mL, less than 34 μg/mL,less than 32 μg/mL, less than 30, less than 28 μg/mL, less than 26μg/mL, less than 24 μg/mL, less than 22 μg/mL, less than 20 μg/mL, orless than 18 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C₆ of from 18 μg/mL to 36 μg/mL, from 20 μg/mLto 34 μg/mL, from 22 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL, or from 24 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C₈ of less than 20 μg/mL, less than 16 μg/mL,less than 12 μg/mL, less than 10 μg/mL, less than 8 μg/mL, or less than4 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C₈ of from 4 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL, from 6 μg/mL to18 μg/mL, from 8 μg/mL to 16 μg/mL, or from 10 μg/mL to 14 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C_(10h) of less than 10 μg/mL, less than 8μg/mL, less than 6 μg/mL, less than 4 μg/mL, or less than 2 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a mean C_(10h) of from 0 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL, from 0 μg/mLto 6 μg/mL, from 0 μg/mL to 4 μg/mL, or from 0 μg/mL to 2 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration greater than10 μg/mL, greater than 15 μg/mL, greater than 20 μg/mL, greater than 25μg/mL, or greater than 30 μg/mL for from 5 hours to 7 hours, such as 6hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration from 10 μg/mLto 30 μg/mL, from 15 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL, from 20 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL, from22 μg/mL to 28 μg/mL, or from 24 μg/mL to 26 μg/mL, for from 5 hours to7 hours, such as 6 hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of less than 4, less than 3, orless than 2.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure to a population of fasted patients the plasmaγ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by aC_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of from 1.5 to 4, from 1.5 to 3.5, or from 2 to 3.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of greater than 2, greater than4, greater than 6, greater than 8, or greater than 10.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of from 2 to 10, from 2 to 8, orfrom 4 to 6.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of greater than 5, greater than10, greater than 15, or greater than 20.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio of from 5 to 20 or from 10 to15.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a AUC_(0-8h)/AUC_(inf) ratio of greater than 0.6,greater than 0.8, greater than 1.0, or greater than 1.2.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a AUC_(0-8h)/AUC_(inf) ratio of from 0.6 to 1.2 or from0.8 to 1.0.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by an AUC_(inf) of greater than 250 h×μg/mL, greater than300 h×μg/mL greater than 350 h×μg/mL, or greater than 400 h×μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulation providedby the present disclosure comprising from 7 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents to 11 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents to a population offasted patients the plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by an AUC_(0-8h)/AUC_(inf) from 250 h×μg/mL to 450h×μg/mL, or from 300 h×μg/mL to 400 h×μg/mL.

In any of the foregoing combined release formulations, the combinedrelease formulations can comprise 14.5 g of compound (1) correspondingto 9 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents, with 4.5 g of compound (1) in theimmediate release component and 10 g compound (1) in the modifiedrelease component.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean T_(max) from 2.0 hours to 3.2 hours such as from 2.2 hours to 3.0hours or from 2.4 hours to 2.8 hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean CMX from 94 μg/mL to 114 μg/mL such as from 96 μg/mL to 112 μg/mL,from 98 μg/mL to 110 μg/mL, from 100 μg/mL to 108 μg/mL or from 102μg/mL to 106 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean AUC_(inf) from 430 hr×μg/mL to 490 hr×μg/mL, from 440 hr×μg/mL to480 hr×μg/mL, or from 450 hr×μg/mL to 470 hr×μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean AUC₀₋₆ from 360 hr×μg/mL to 420 hr×μg/mL, from 370 hr×μg/mL to 410hr×μg/mL, or from 380 hr×μg/mL to 400 hr×μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean C₆ from 25 μg/mL to 55 μg/mL, from 30 μg/mL to 50 μg/mL, or from 35μg/mL to 45 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean C₈ from 5 μg/mL to 15 μg/mL, from 7 μg/mL to 13 μg/mL, or from 9μg/mL to 11 μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean C₁₀ less than 5 μg/mL such as less than 4 μg/mL, or less than 2μg/mL.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean C_(max)/C₈ ratio from 9 to 11 such as from 9.5 to 10.5.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean T_(max) from 2.0 hours to 3.2 hours, a mean C_(max) from 94 μg/mLto 114 μg/mL, a mean AUC_(mf) from 430 hr×μg/mL to 490 hr×μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 360 hr×μg/mL to 420 hr×μg/mL, a mean C₆ from 25 μg/mL to 55μg/mL, a mean C₈ from 5 μg/mL to 15 μg/mL, a mean C₁₀ less than 5 μg/mL,and/or a mean C_(max)/C₈ ratio from 9 to 11.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized byplasma γ-hydroxybutyrate greater than 25 μg/mL for at least 8 hours, atleast 7 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 5 hours, or at least 4 hours.

Following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized byplasma γ-hydroxybutyrate for from 2 hours to 8 hours, from 2 hours to 7hours, from 2 hours to 6 hours, from 2 hours to 5 hours, from 2 hours to4 hours, from 4 hours to 6 hours or from 5 hours to 6 hours.

An immediate release component provided by the present disclosure canexhibit a pharmacokinetic profile that is bioequivalent to apharmacokinetic profile for compound (1) as shown in FIG. 2A or forγ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 2B.

A modified release component provided by the present disclosure canexhibit a pharmacokinetic profile that is bioequivalent to thepharmacokinetic profile for compound (1) as shown FIG. 2A or forγ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 2B.

A combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure canexhibit a pharmacokinetic profile that is bioequivalent to thepharmacokinetic profile for γ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 5.

A combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure canexhibit a pharmacokinetic profile that is bioequivalent to thepharmacokinetic profile for γ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 6.

A combined release formulation provided by the present disclosure canexhibit a pharmacokinetic profile that is bioequivalent to thepharmacokinetic profile for γ-hydroxybutyrate as provided in FIG. 4.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure, such asa combined release formulation, can exhibit a pharmacokinetic profilethat is bioequivalent to the pharmacokinetic profile for compound (1)provided in Table 6 or for γ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in Table 7. Table6 shows the mean plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration of compound (1)following oral administration of various combined release (CR)formulations as described in Example 4. Table 7 shows the mean plasmaconcentration of γ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration ofvarious combined release (CR) formulations as described in Example 4.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure, such asa combined release formulation, can exhibit a pharmacokinetic profilethat is bioequivalent to the pharmacokinetic profile for compound (1)provided in FIG. 3 or for γ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 3shows the mean plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration of compound (1)following oral administration of various combined release (CR)formulations as described in Example 4. FIG. 4 shows the mean plasmaconcentration of γ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration ofvarious combined release (CR) formulations as described in Example 4.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure, such asa combined release formulation, can exhibit a pharmacokinetic profilethat is bioequivalent to the pharmacokinetic profile forγ-hydroxybutyrate as shown in FIG. 6 or as summarized in Table 10.

A dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided by the presentdisclosure can be any suitable to dose for treating a disease or symptomof a disease in a patient.

A dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise, for example, from 6 g to 22 g of compound (1),from 8 g to 20 g, from 10 g to 20 g, from 12 g to 20 g, from 14 g to 20g, or from 14 g to 18 g of compound (1).

A dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise, for example, greater than 6 g of compound (1),greater than 8 g, greater than 10 g, greater than 12 g, greater than 14,g, greater than 18 g, or greater than 20 g of compound (1).

A dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise, for example, from 3 g to 12 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents, from 4 g to 11 g, from 5 g to 10 g, or from 6 g to 9 gγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents.

A dose of a pharmaceutical composition provided by the presentdisclosure can comprise, for example, greater than 3 g γ-hydroxybutyrateequivalents, greater than 5 g, greater than 7 g, greater than 9 g, orgreater than 9 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beincluded in a kit that may be used to administer the compound to apatient for therapeutic purposes. A kit can include a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an immediate release component and a modifiedrelease component suitable for administration to a patient andinstructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition to thepatient. The kit can be used, for example, to treat a sleep disorder. Akit can comprise an immediate release component and a modified releasecomponent, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for administering theimmediate release component and a modified release component, andinstructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition to apatient.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

Instructions supplied with a kit may be printed and/or supplied, forexample, as an electronic-readable medium, a video cassette, anaudiotape, a flash memory device, or may be published on an internet website or distributed to a patient and/or health care provider as anelectronic communication.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused, for example, to treat narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness,cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy,excessive daytime sleepiness associated with Parkinson's disease,excessive daytime sleepiness associated with multiple sclerosis,cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, fatigue, fatigue associated withParkinson's diseases, fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis, andfibromyalgia.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused, for example, to treat to treat REM sleep behavior disorder,spasmodic dystonia, schizophrenia, insomnia, insomnia associated withschizophrenia, idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, clusterheadache, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, post-traumatic stresssyndrome, insomnia associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, andanxiety.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused, for example, to enhance cognitive function in a neurodegenerativedisorder. For example, a pharmaceutical composition provided by thepresent disclosure can be used to enhanced cognitive function in apatient with Parkinson's disease or in a patient with Alzheimer'sdisease.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused to treat narcolepsy such as Type 1 or Type 2 narcolepsy. Thetreatment of narcolepsy is defined as reducing excessive daytimesleepiness or reducing the frequency of cataplectic attacks. In variousembodiments, the composition is sufficient to be administered oncedaily. For example, the composition may be sufficient to administer inthe morning or at night less than 2 hours after eating a meal. Theformulation is also effective to induce sleep for at least 6 to 8consecutive hours. In one embodiment, the composition administered lessthan two hours after eating is effective to induce sleep for at least 8consecutive hours. In various embodiments, the formulation is effectiveto induce sleep for at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8hours, at least 9 hours, or at least 10 hours. In other embodiments, theformulation is effective to induce sleep for up to 6 hours, up to 7hours, up to 8 hours, up to 9 hours, or up to 10 hours.

A pharmaceutical composition and formulation provided by the presentdisclosure can be used to treat a sleeping disorder, drug abuse, alcoholand opiate withdrawal, a reduced level of growth hormone, anxiety,analgesia, a symptom associated with a neurological disorder such asParkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and depression, an endocrinedisturbance, hypoxia or anoxia of tissues such as from stroke ormyocardial infarction, or an increased level of intracranial pressure.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused to treat a disease or condition capable of being treated byadministering γ-hydroxybutyric acid such as, for example, fibromyalgiaand sleep disorders such as apnea, sleep time disturbances, narcolepsy,cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep paralysis,hypnagogic hallucination, sleep arousal, insomnia, and nocturnalmyoclonus.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused to treat a sleep disorder associated with a viral disease such as aCOVID-19 infection.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused for relieving pain and improving function in patients withfibromyalgia syndrome, and in alleviating excessive daytime sleepinessand fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease, improving myoclonusand essential tremor, and reducing tardive dyskinesia and bipolardisorder.

A pharmaceutical composition provided by the present disclosure can beused to improve cognitive function in a patient with a neurologicaldisorder such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

A pharmaceutical composition and formulation provide by the presentdisclosure can be used to treat a neurodegenerative disease or acondition or disorder associated with a neurovegetative disease in apatient where the neurodegenerative diseases is selected from, forexample, Alzheimer's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Friedrich's ataxia, Huntington's diseases, Lewy body disease,Parkinson's disease, spinal muscular atrophy, motor neuron disease,Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, primary progressive aphasia, and progressivesupranuclear palsy.

Other examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Alper's diseases,Batten disease, cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome, corticobasaldegeneration, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, kuru, Leigh'sdisease, monometic amyotrophy, multiple system atrophy, opsoclonusmyoclonus, prion diseases, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,leukoencephalopathy striatonigral degermation, and transmissiblespongiform encephalopathies.

ASPECTS

The invention can be defined by one or more of the following aspects.

Aspect 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising;

an immediate release (IR) component, wherein the immediate releasecomponent comprises from 1.2 g γ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents to 4.0 gγ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents; and

a modified release (MR) component, wherein the modified releasecomponent comprises from 3 g γ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents to 9 gγ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents.

Aspect 2. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 1, wherein each ofthe immediate release component and the modified release componentcomprise 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.

Aspect 3. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 2,wherein the γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents is in the form ofγ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.

Aspect 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 2 to 3,wherein,

the immediate release component comprises from 10 wt % to 50 wt % of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid; and

the modified release component comprises from 50 wt % to 90 wt % of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid,

wherein wt % is based on the total weight of compound (1) in thepharmaceutical composition.

Aspect 5. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 2 to 4,wherein,

the immediate release component comprises from 2 g to 7 g of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid; and

the modified release component comprises from 7 g to 15 g of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.

Aspect 6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 5,wherein,

the immediate release component comprises from 1 g to 4 g ofγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents; and

the modified release component comprises from 3.5 g to 8.5 g ofγ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents.

Aspect 7. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 6,wherein a weight ratio of the gm-equivalents γ-hydroxybutyrate in theimmediate release component to the gm-equivalents γ-hydroxybutyrate inthe modified release component is from 1.5 to 3.5.

Aspect 8. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 7,wherein the immediate release component comprises a plurality ofimmediate release microparticles.

Aspect 9. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 8, wherein theimmediate release microparticles comprise greater than 90 wt % of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, wherein wt % is based on the total weightof the immediate release microparticles.

Aspect 10. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 8 to 9,wherein the immediate release microparticles have a volume mean diameterD(4,3) from 200 μm to 500 μm.

Aspect 11. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 10,wherein the immediate release component comprises a solution suitablefor oral administration.

Aspect 12. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 11,wherein the modified release component comprises a plurality of modifiedrelease microparticles.

Aspect 13. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 12,wherein the modified release component comprises a suspension ofmodified release microparticles suitable for oral administration.

Aspect 14. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 12 to13, wherein the modified release microparticles comprise a core and amodified release coating surrounding the core.

Aspect 15. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 14, wherein the corecomprises greater than 90 wt % of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid (1),wherein wt % is based on the total weight of the core.

Aspect 16. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 14, wherein the corecomprises greater than 95 wt % of compound (1), wherein wt % is based onthe total weight of the core.

Aspect 17. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 14 to16, wherein the core comprises an immediate release macroparticlecomprising compound (1).

Aspect 18. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 14 to17, wherein the modified release coating comprises a plasticizer, acontrolled release polymer, a pore former, and an anti-tacking agent.

Aspect 19. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 14 to18, wherein the modified release microparticles comprise from 10 wt % to35 wt % of the modified release coating, wherein wt % is based on thetotal weight of the modified release microparticles.

Aspect 20. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 14 to19, wherein the modified release microparticles comprise:

from 14 wt % to 20 wt % of the modified release coating;

from 20 wt % to 26 wt % of the modified release coating; or

from 25 wt % to 31 wt % of the modified release coating wherein wt % isbased on the total weight of the modified release microparticles.

Aspect 21. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 20,wherein,

the modified release component comprises modified releasemicroparticles; and

the modified release microparticles are characterized by a dissolutionprofile in which from 70 wt % to 90 wt % of compound (1) is releasedinto the dissolution media within 2 hours, from 85% to 100% within 4hours, and greater than 95% within 6 hours, as determined using a USPType 2 dissolution apparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at atemperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

Aspect 22. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 20,wherein,

the modified release component comprises modified releasemicroparticles; and

the modified release microparticles are characterized by a dissolutionprofile in which from 45% to 65% of compound (1) is released into thedissolution media within 2 hours, from 70% to 90% within 4 hours, from80% to 100% within 6 hours, and greater than 90% within 8 hours, asdetermined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with a bufferedsolution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75rpm.

Aspect 23. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 20,wherein,

the modified release component comprises modified releasemicroparticles; and

the modified release microparticles are characterized by a dissolutionprofile in which from 25 wt % to 45 wt % of compound (1) is releasedinto the dissolution media within 2 hours, from 60% to 80% within 4hours, from 70% to 90% within 6 hours, from 80% to 100% within 8 hoursand greater than 90% within 12 hours, as determined using a USP Type 2dissolution apparatus with a buffered solution at pH 4.5 at atemperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm.

Aspect 24. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 23,wherein following oral administration of an IR component comprising 7.25g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by a meant_(1/2) of from 0.35 hours to 0.55 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.5 hoursto 0.7 hours, a mean C_(max) from 16 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 14 h×μg/mL to 18 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 14 h×μg/mL to 18h×μg/mL, and/or a CL/F of 480 L/h to 520 L/h.

Aspect 25. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 23,wherein following oral administration of an IR component comprising 7.25g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.45 hours to 0.85 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.7 hours to1.1 hours, a mean C_(max) from 75 μg/mL to 96 μg/mL, an AUC₀₋₆ from 147h×μg/mL to 187 h×μg/mL, an AUC_(0-inf) from 150 h×μg/mL to 190 h×μg/mL,and/or a CL/F from 38 L/h to 58 L/h.

Aspect 26. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 23,wherein following oral administration of an IR component comprising 7.25g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio from 3.9 to5.9, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10.3 to 12.3.

Aspect 27. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.7 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.1 hoursto 1.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 0.6 μg/mL to 1.0 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 13 h×μg/mL to 17 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 13 h×μg/mL to 17h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 495 L/h to 535 L/h.

Aspect 28. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterizedby a mean t/2 from 0.65 hours to 1.05 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.5hours to 1.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 32 μg/mL to 52 μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 96 h×μg/mL to 136 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 100h×μg/mL to 140 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 62 L/h to 102 L/h.

Aspect 29. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratiofrom 5.0 to 5.4, and AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 7.2 to 8.0, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound (1)value.

Aspect 30. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 1.0 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.4 hoursto 1.8 hours, a mean C_(max) from 3 μg/mL to 7 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from10 h×μg/mL to 14 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 10 h×μg/mL to 14h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 620 L/h to 660 L/h.

Aspect 31. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterizedby a mean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.1hours to 2.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 23 μg/mL to 27 μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 63 h×μg/mL to 83 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 66 h×μg/mLto 86 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 100 L/h to 140 L/h.

Aspect 32. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 31,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratiofrom 4.5 to 5.3, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 5.9 to 6.7, where theratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound(1) value.

Aspect 33. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 32,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.1 hoursto 2.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 3.5 μg/mL to 3.9 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 8 h×μg/mL to 12 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 9 h×μg/mL to 13h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 695 L/h to 735 L/h.

Aspect 34. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 26,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterizedby a mean t_(1/2) from 1.3 hours to 1.7 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.8hours to 3.2 hours, a mean C_(max) from 14 μg/mL to 18 μg/mL, a meanAUC₀₋₆ from 45 h×μg/mL to 53 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 51 h×μg/mLto 59 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 136 L/h to 156 L/h.

Aspect 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 34,wherein following oral administration of a modified release componentcomprising 7.25 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratiofrom 4.0 to 4.8, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 4.8 to 5.6, where theratio refers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the compound(1) value.

Aspect 36. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 35,wherein,

the immediate release component comprises from 2 g to 8 g of compound(1); and

the modified release component comprises from 8 g to 16 g of compound(1).

Aspect 37. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 36,wherein,

the immediate release component comprises from 20 wt % to 40 wt % ofcompound (1); and

the modified release component comprises from 60 wt % to 80 wt % ofcompound (1),

wherein wt % is based on the total weight of compound (1).

Aspect 38. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 37,wherein a weight ratio of compound (1) in the immediate releasecomponent to compound (1) in the modified release component is from 1:2to 1:3.

Aspect 39. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 0.8 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.5 hours to0.7 hours, a mean C_(max) from 10 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from20 h×μg/mL to 40 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 20 h×μg/mL to 40h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 440 L/h to 540 L/h.

Aspect 40. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and a

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.6 hours to 0.8 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.6 hoursto 2.0 hours, a mean C_(max) from 80 μg/mL to 120 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 340 h×μg/mL to 420 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 360 h×μg/mL to440 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 360 L/h to 440 L/h.

Aspect 41. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.5to 6.5, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 11.5 to 15.5, where the ratiorefers to the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the correspondingcompound (1) value.

Aspect 42. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 0.7 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.7 hours to0.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to 19 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from22 h×μg/mL to 30 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 22 h×μg/mL to 30h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F of 530 L/h to 610 L/h.

Aspect 43. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.1 hoursto 1.5 hours, a mean C_(max) from 65 μg/mL to 85 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 290 h×μg/mL to 330 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 320 h×μg/mL to360 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 505 L/h to 545 L/h.

Aspect 44. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 10 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile ischaracterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4.7 to 5.1, and an AUC_(0-inf)ratio from 11 to 15, where the ratio refers to the ratio of theγ-hydroxybutyrate value to the corresponding compound (1) value.

Aspect 45. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 1.0 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.9 hours to1.1 hours, a mean C_(max) from 15 μg/mL to 23 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from28 h×μg/mL to 36 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 30 h×μg/mL to 38h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 550 L/h to 590 L/h.

Aspect 46. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.9 hours to 1.1 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.5 hoursto 1.9 hours, a mean C_(max) from 85 μg/mL to 105 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 314 h×μg/mL to 354 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 370 h×μg/mL to410 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 45 L/h to 65 L/h.

Aspect 47. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 4.5 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 13.5 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio from 5.0to 5.6, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10 to 14, where the ratio refersto the ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the correspondingcompound (1) value.

Aspect 48. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of compound (1) is characterized by a meant_(1/2) from 1.0 hours to 1.2 hours, a mean T_(max) from 1.0 hours to1.2 hours, a mean C_(max) from 17 μg/mL to 21 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from29 h×μg/mL to 33 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 32 h×μg/mL to 36h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 535 L/h to 575 L/h.

Aspect 49. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 38,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR component comprising 6 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate is characterized by amean t_(1/2) from 0.8 hours to 1.0 hours, a mean T_(max) from 2.0 hoursto 2.4 hours, a mean C_(max) from 88 μg/mL to 96 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆from 310 h×μg/mL to 350 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) h×μg/mL from 380h×μg/mL to 420 h×μg/mL, and/or a mean CL/F from 51 L/h to 59 L/h.

Aspect 50. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 49,wherein following oral administration of a combined release formulationcomprising:

an IR formulation comprising 6 g of compound (1); and

a modified release component comprising 12 g of compound (1) to apopulation of fasted, healthy subjects,

the pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max) ratio from 4to 8, and an AUC_(0-inf) ratio from 10 to 14, where the ratio refers tothe ratio of the γ-hydroxybutyrate value to the corresponding compound(1) value.

Aspect 51. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 50,wherein, at 6 hours following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition to a population of fasted, healthy subjects, theconcentration of γ-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma of the subjects is lessthan 15 μg/mL, less than 10 μg/mL, or less than 5 μg/mL.

Aspect 52. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 51,wherein following oral administration of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects, the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the plasma ofthe subjects is greater than the sum of: (a) the AUC_(inf) ofγ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration of the immediate releasecomponent; and (b) the AUC_(inf) of γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of the modified release component to the population offasted, healthy subjects.

Aspect 53. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 52,wherein between 6 hours and 8 hours following oral administration of apharmaceutical composition comprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1)to a population of fasted, healthy subjects, the γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration in the plasma of the subjects is greater than the sum of:(a) the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration between 6 hours and 8 hoursfollowing oral administration of the immediate release component; and(b) the γ-hydroxybutyrate concentration between 6 hours and 8 hoursfollowing oral administration of the modified release component to thepopulation of fasted, healthy subjects.

Aspect 54. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 53,wherein following oral administration of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising from 10 g to 20 g of compound (1) to a population of healthy,fasted subjects, concentration from 6 hours to 8 hours followingadministration is greater than the concentration of γ-hydroxybutyrate inthe plasma of the subjects following administration of the modifiedrelease component alone.

Aspect 55. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 54,wherein the mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oraladministration of the immediate release component and the modifiedrelease component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects is greaterthe sum of the mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oraladministration of the immediate release component alone, and the meanγ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of themodified release component alone.

Aspect 56. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 55,wherein the mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administrationof the immediate release component and the modified release component toa population of subjects is substantially the same as than the sum ofthe mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of theimmediate release component alone, and the mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf)following oral administration of the modified release component alone.

Aspect 57. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 56,wherein the mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oraladministration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an immediaterelease component comprising 4.52 g of compound (1) and a modifiedrelease component comprising 10 gm compound (1) to a population offasted, healthy subjects is greater than the sum of the meanγ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of animmediate release component comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone, andthe mean γ-hydroxybutyrate AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration ofa modified release component comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone.

Aspect 58. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 57,wherein the mean compound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administrationof a pharmaceutical composition comprising an immediate releasecomponent comprising 4.52 g of compound (1) and a modified releasecomponent comprising 10 gm compound (1) to a population of fasted,healthy subjects is substantially the same as than the sum of the meancompound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of an immediaterelease component comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone, and the meancompound (1) AUC_(0-inf) following oral administration of a modifiedrelease component comprising 7.25 g of compound (1) alone.

Aspect 59. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 58,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean T_(max) of less than2.4 hours.

Aspect 60. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 59,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean T_(max) from 1.4hours to 2.4 hours.

Aspect 61. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 60,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C_(max) of less than100 μg/mL.

Aspect 62. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 61,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C_(max) from 75 μg/mLto 105 μg/mL.

Aspect 63. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 62,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean AUC_(0-6h) of greaterthan 250 h×μg/mL.

Aspect 64. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 63,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C₆ of less than 36μg/mL.

Aspect 65. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 64,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C₆ of from 18 μg/mLto 36 μg/mL.

Aspect 66. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 65,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C₈ of from 4 μg/mL to20 μg/mL.

Aspect 67. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 66,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a mean C_(10h) of less than10 μg/mL.

Aspect 68. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 67,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a plasma γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration greater than 10 μg/mL for from 5 hours to 7 hours.

Aspect 69. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 68,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a plasma γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration from 10 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL for from 5 hours to 7 hours.

Aspect 70. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 69,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio ofless than 4.

Aspect 71. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 70,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(5h) ratio offrom 1.5 to 4.

Aspect 72. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 71,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(6h) ratio ofgreater than 2.

Aspect 73. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 72,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(6h) ratio offrom 2 to 10.

Aspect 74. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 73,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(8h) ratio ofgreater than 5.

Aspect 75. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 74,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a C_(max)/C_(6h) ratio offrom 5 to 20.

Aspect 76. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 75,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a AUC_(0-8h)/AUC_(inf) ratioof greater than 0.6.

Aspect 77. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 76,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a AUC_(0-8h)/AUC_(inf) ratioof from 0.6 to 1.2.

Aspect 78. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 77,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by an AUC_(inf) of greater than250 h×μg/mL.

Aspect 79. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 78,wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositionto a population of fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyratepharmacokinetic profile is characterized by an AUC_(inf) from 250h×μg/mL to 450 h×μg/mL.

Aspect 80. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 79,wherein the pharmaceutical composition can comprise 14.5 g of compound(1) corresponding to 9 g γ-hydroxybutyrate equivalents, with 4.5 g ofcompound (1) in the immediate release component and 10 g compound (1) inthe modified release component.

Aspect 81. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 80, whereinfollowing oral administration of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 g of compound(1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthy subjects apharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can be characterized by amean T_(max) from 2.0 hours to 3.2 hours.

Aspect 82. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to81, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean C_(max) from 94 μg/mL to 114 μg/mL.

Aspect 83. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to82, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean AUC_(mf) from 430 hr×μg/mL to 490 hr×μg/mL.

Aspect 84. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to83, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 360 hr×μg/mL to 420 hr×μg/mL.

Aspect 85. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to84, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean C₆ from 25 μg/mL to 55 μg/mL.

Aspect 86. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to85, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean C₈ from 5 μg/mL to 15 μg/mL.

Aspect 87. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to86, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean C₁₀ less than 5 μg/mL.

Aspect 88. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to87, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean C_(max)/C₈ ratio from 9 to 11.

Aspect 89. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to88, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by a mean T_(max) from 2.0 hours to 3.2 hours, a meanC_(max) from 94 μg/mL to 114 μg/mL, a mean AUC_(inf) from 430 hr×μg/mLto 490 hr×μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 360 hr×μg/mL to 420 hr×μg/mL, a meanC₆ from 25 μg/mL to 55 μg/mL, a mean C₈ from 5 μg/mL to 15 μg/mL, a meanC₁₀ less than 5 μg/mL, and/or a mean C_(max)/C₈ ratio from 9 to 11.

Aspect 90. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 80 to89, wherein following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising 4.5 g of compound (1) in an IR component and 10 gof compound (1) in an MR component to a population of fasted, healthysubjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyrate can becharacterized by plasma γ-hydroxybutyrate greater than 25 μg/mL for atleast 4 hours.

Aspect 91. A method of treating fatigue or excessive daytime sleepinessassociated with narcolepsy in a patient comprising orally administeringto a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effectiveamount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 90.

Aspect 92. A method of treating narcolepsy, excessive daytimesleepiness, cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated withnarcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated with Parkinson'sdisease, excessive daytime sleepiness associated with multiplesclerosis, cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, fatigue, fatigueassociated with Parkinson's diseases, fatigue associated with multiplesclerosis, or fibromyalgia in a patient comprising orally administeringto a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effectiveamount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 89.

Aspect 93. A method of treating a symptom associated with narcolepsy,excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepinessassociated with narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated withParkinson's disease, excessive daytime sleepiness associated withmultiple sclerosis, cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, fatigue,fatigue associated with Parkinson's diseases, fatigue associated withmultiple sclerosis, or fibromyalgia in a patient comprising orallyadministering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects1 to 90.

Aspect 94. A method of treating REM sleep behavior disorder, spasmodicdystonia, schizophrenia, insomnia, insomnia associated withschizophrenia, idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, clusterheadache, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, post-traumatic stresssyndrome, insomnia associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome, oranxiety in a patient comprising orally administering to a patient inneed of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 90.

Aspect 95. A method of treating a symptom associated with REM sleepbehavior disorder, spasmodic dystonia, schizophrenia, insomnia, insomniaassociated with schizophrenia, idiopathic hypersomnia, chronic fatiguesyndrome, cluster headache, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor,post-traumatic stress syndrome, insomnia associated with post-traumaticstress syndrome, or anxiety in a patient comprising orally administeringto a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effectiveamount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 90.

Aspect 96. A method of treating a sleep disorder associated with abacterial infection in a patient comprising orally administering to apatient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount ofthe pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 90.

Aspect 97. The method of aspect 96, wherein the bacterial infection is aCOVID-19 infection.

Aspect 98. A method of enhancing cognitive function in a patent having aneurological disorder comprising orally administering to a patient inneed of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 1 to 90.

Aspect 99. The method of any one of aspects 92 to 98, whereinadministering comprises administering QD.

Aspect 100. The method of any one of aspects 91 to 98, whereinadministering comprises administering BID.

Aspect 101. The method of any one of aspects 91 to 98, whereinadministering comprising administering once nightly.

Aspect 102. A kit comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any oneof aspects 1 to 90.

EXAMPLES

Embodiments provided by the present disclosure are further illustratedby reference to the following examples, which describe microparticlescomprising compound (1), immediate release and modified releasecomponents comprising compound (1), pharmaceutical compositionscomprising compound (1), and the pharmacokinetics of compound (1) andγ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration of the pharmaceuticalcompositions to fasted, healthy subjects. It will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials, andmethods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of thedisclosure. It should be noted that there are alternative ways ofimplementing the embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the presentembodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive.Furthermore, the claims are not to be limited to the details givenherein and are entitled their full scope and equivalents thereof.

General Methods

The plasma concentrations of compound (1) and γ-hydroxybutyrate inplasma of healthy human subjects were measured using liquidchromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy and evaluated using PHOENIX™WINNONLIN® version 8.1 (Pharsight Corporation, USA) and MICROSOFT®EXCEL® 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, USA).

Example 1 Oral Formulations

The constituents of immediate release (IR) microparticles and three (3)modified release (MR1, MR2, and MR3) microparticles comprising compound(1) are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Composition of immediate release (IR) and modified release (MR)microparticles. Amount Quality (% w/w) Component Standard Function IRMR1 MR2 MR3 Microparticle Compound (1) In-house Drug 98.50 82.08 75.7770.36 Specification Substance Colloidal silicon ² NF Anti-tacking 1.000.83 0.77 0.71 dioxide (SiO₂) agent Hydroxypropyl NF Binder 0.50 0.420.38 0.36 cellulose, (HPC) ¹ Purified Water ² USP Solvent — — — —Coating Dibutyl sebacate NF Plasticizer — 1.28 1.78 2.20 ¹ Ethyl alcoholUSP Solvent — — — — Ethylcellulose NF Controlled — 12.18 16.86 20.88release polymer Hydroxypropyl NF Pore former — 0.64 0.89 1.10 cellulose(HPC) Magnesium USP Anti-tacking — 2.56 3.55 4.40 silicate, hydrousagent (Talc) ¹ Purified Water USP Solvent — — — — ¹ Removed duringprocessing. ² USP/NF: United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary,current edition.

To prepare the immediate release microparticles, compound (1) was firstmilled and then combined with colloidal SiO₂ and hydroxypropyl celluloseand mixed. Water was added and mixed to provide a wet granulation. Thewet granulation was co-milled through a screen to form a wet mass. Thewet mass was granulated with the addition of water to form a granulationthat was mixed to form microparticles. The microparticles were dried at40° C. for from 12 hours to 24 hours. The dried microparticles weresorted by size. Microparticles having a size (D4,3) from 200 μm to 500μm were separated and used for the pharmacokinetic studies.

The immediate release microparticles contained 98.5 wt % of compound (1)4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, where wt % is based on the total weightof the immediate release microparticles.

To prepare the modified release microparticles, a coating mixture wasprepared by first combining and mixing ethyl alcohol, ethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, water, magnesium silicate (hydrous), anddibutyl sebacate to provide a coating suspension. The coating suspensionwas sprayed onto immediate release microparticles to differentthicknesses to provide the three modified release microparticles used inthe pharmacokinetic studies.

Following coating, the immediate release microparticles had a weightgain of 20%, 30%, or 40% for the MR1 (20% wg), MR2 (30% wg), and MR3(40% wg) modified release microparticles, respectively.

Example 2 Dissolution Profiles

The dissolution profiles for the modified release microparticles weredetermined using a USP Type 2 dissolution apparatus with a bufferedsolution at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75rpm. The dissolution profiles for the release of compound (1) from themodified release microparticles is shown in FIG. 1.

Example 3 Pharmacokinetics of Immediate Release Component and ModifiedRelease Component

The pharmacokinetics of compounds (1) and γ-hydroxybutyrate followingoral administration of an immediate release component or modifiedrelease component to fasted, healthy subjects was determined.

To prepare an immediate release formulation, immediate releasemicroparticles prepared according to Example 1 were added to 30 mL waterand gently swirled to dissolve the immediate release microparticles.Water was added to bring the total volume to 250 mL to provide animmediate release oral formulation which was ingested by the subject.

To prepare the modified release formulations, modified releasemicroparticles prepared according to Example 1 were added to 30 mL ofwater and gently swirled. ORA-PLUS® (30 mL) was added, the contentsgently swirled, and the suspension ingested by the subject. Additionalwater up to a total volume of 250 mL was used to rinse the container andwas also ingested by the subject.

Each formulation contained 7.25 g of compound (1) (3.172 gγ-hydroxybutyrate-equivalents).

Pharmacokinetic profiles for compound (1) and γ-hydroxybutyratefollowing oral administration of the immediate release (IR) and modifiedrelease (MR1-MR3) formulations to fasted, healthy subjects are shown inFIG. 2A for compound (1) and in FIG. 2B for γ-hydroxybutyrate. Theresults represent the mean and standard deviation based on the resultsfor from 10 to 12 subjects.

Pharmacokinetic parameters for compound (1) and γ-hydroxybutyratefollowing oral administration of the IR and MR microparticles areprovided in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. The results represent themean and standard deviation based on the results for from 10 to 12subjects.

TABLE 2 Pharmacokinetic parameters for compound (1) following oraladministration of immediate release or modified release formulations.T_(max) C_(max) AUC_(last) AUC_(inf) AUC₀₋₆ AUC₀₋₈ AUC₀₋₁₂ CL/F t_(1/2)Formulation (h) (μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL)(h × μg/mL) (L/h) (h) IR Mean 0.6 18 16 16 16 16 16 501 0.4 CV % 33.4 2526 26 26 26 26 35 75 MR1 Mean 1.3 8 15 15 15 15 15 514 0.9 CV % 26 27 3030 29 30 30 29 39 MR2 Mean 1.6 5 12 12 14 12 12 642 0.8 CV % 12.3 21 3030 28 30 30 21 44 MR3 Mean 2.3 4 10 11 10 10 10 715 1.0 CV % 32.1 30 2323 23 23 24 20 49

TABLE 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters for γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of immediate release or modified release formulations.T_(max) C_(max) AUC_(last) AUC_(inf) AUC₀₋₆ AUC₀₋₈ AUC₀₋₁₂ CL/F t_(1/2)Microparticle (h) (μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h ×μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (L/h) (h) IR Mean 0.9 83 167 168 167 168 168 48 0.7CV % 26 23 35 34 34 34 35 37 29 MR1 Mean 1.7 41 119 120 116 119 119 820.8 CV % 23 39 55 55 53 55 55 59 18 MR2 Mean 2.2 25 75 76 73 75 76 1191.0 CV % 15 37 48 48 47 48 48 50 22 MR3 Mean 3.0 16 53 55 49 53 54 1461.4 CV % 35 39 37 35 37 36 36 36 51

Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters for γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of immediate release or modified release formulations.

The C_(max) Ratio, AUC_(0-inf) Ratio, and AUC₀₋₈ Ratio are shown inTable 4, where the ratios refer to the γ-hydroxybutyrate value dividedby the corresponding compound (1) value. For example, the C_(max) ratioequals (C_(max)(GHB)/C_(max)(Compound 1).

TABLE 4 Pharmacokinetic ratios for immediate release and modifiedrelease formulations. Microparticle C_(max) Ratio AUC_(inf) Ratio AUC₀₋₈Ratio IR 4.9 11.3 11.3 MR1 5.2 7.6 7.6 MR2 4.0 6.3 6.3 MR3 4.5 5.2 5.1

Example 4 Pharmacokinetics of Combined-Release Formulations

The pharmacokinetics of combined-release (CR) formulations comprising animmediate release component and a modified release component wasdetermined.

The amounts of compound (1) in the immediate release components and inthe modified release component used to prepare the combined releaseformulations (CR1-CR4) are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Content of combined release (CR) formulations. Compound (1) (g)Combined IR MR1 MR2 Release 98.5 wt % 82.08 wt % 75.77 wt % FormulationCompound (1) Compound (1) Compound (1) Total CR1 4.5 10.0 — 14.5Compound (1) (g) 2.8  6.2 — 9.0 GHB equivalents CR2 4.5 — 10.0 14.5Compound (1) (g) 2.8 —  6.2 9.0 GHB equivalents CR3 4.5 13.5 — 18.0Compound (1) (g) 2.8  8.4 — 11.2 GHB equivalents CR4 6.0 — 12.0 18.0Compound (1) (g) 3.7 —  7.4 11.2 GHB equivalents

To prepare combined release formulations, the immediate releasemicroparticles were dissolved in 30 mL of water. The modified releasemicroparticles were then added and swirled gently. Thirty (30) mL ofORA-PLUS®, an oral suspending vehicle, was added and the suspensiongently stirred. The subjects then drank the suspension. The subjectsrepeatedly rinsed the cup with up to 250 mL of water and drank thesolution.

Pharmacokinetic profiles for compound (1) and γ-hydroxybutyratefollowing oral administration of the combined release formulations(CR1-CR4) to fasted, healthy subjects are shown in tabular form in FIG.3 and FIG. 4, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profiles forγ-hydroxybutyrate are shown in FIG. 5. The results represent the meanand standard deviation based on from 10 to 12 subjects.

A summary of certain pharmacokinetic parameters for compound (1) andγ-hydroxybutyrate following oral administration of the combined releaseformulations to fasted, healthy subjects is provided in Tables 6 and 7.The results reflect mean values obtained for from 10 to 12 subjects.

TABLE 6 Pharmacokinetic parameters for compound (1) following oraladministration of combined release (CR) formulations. T_(max) C_(max)AUC_(last) AUC_(inf) AUC₀₋₆ AUC₀₋₈ AUC₀₋₁₂ CL/F t_(1/2) Formulation (h)(μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL)(L/h) (h) CR1 Mean 0.6 20 31 31 30 31 31 493 0.7 CV % 34 27 26 26 26 2627 27 41 CR2 Mean 0.8 17 26 26 26 26 26 569 0.9 CV % 121 33 20 20 20 2020 20 33 CR3 Mean 1.0 19 32 34 32 33 34 554 1.1 CV % 57 19 24 20 19 1920 21 60 CR4 Mean 1.0 16 34 34 31 33 34 559 1.1 CV % 63 25 23 23 22 2223 26 50

TABLE 7 Pharmacokinetic parameters for γ-hydroxybutyrate following oraladministration of combined release (CR) formulations. T_(max) C_(max)AUC_(last) AUC_(inf) AUC₀₋₆ AUC₀₋₈ AUC₀₋₁₂ CL/F t_(1/2) Formulation (h)(μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL) (h × μg/mL)(L/h) (h) CR1 Mean 1.8 99 406 407 379 402 407 39 0.7 CV % 41 21 34 34 3134 34 34 24 CR2 Mean 1.3 75 341 342 307 334 342 52 1.0 CV % 48 20 43 4337 42 43 53 36 CR3 Mean 1.7 96 358 389 334 368 387 55 1.0 CV % 42 24 5244 33 40 44 43 33 CR4 Mean 2.2 92 402 404 332 379 403 55 0.9 CV % 63 2043 44 32 38 43 56 26

The C_(max) Ratio, AUC_(0-inf) Ratio and AUC₀₋₈ Ratio for the combinedrelease formulations are shown in Table 8, where the ratios refer to theγ-hydroxybutyrate value divided by the corresponding compound (1) value.

TABLE 8 Pharmacokinetic ratios for combined release (CR) formulations.Formulation C_(max) Ratio AUC₀₋₈ Ratio AUC_(inf) Ratio CR1 5.28 13.2113.25 CR2 4.91 12.42 12.65 CR3 5.28 11.28 11.61 CR4 6.00 11.51 11.98

Example 5 Pharmacokinetics of Modified Release Microparticles

Modified release microparticles were prepared by applying a modifiedrelease coating to immediate release microparticles.

Immediate release microparticles comprising 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid was prepared using MICROPX® micro-pelletizing technology (GlattGmbH). The immediate release microparticles had an average granulediameter (D50) from 225 μm to 275 μm. The immediate releasemicroparticles contained 90 wt % 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, 5 wt %USP magnesium silicate, and 5 wt % hypromellose (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), where wt % is based on the total weight of the immediaterelease microparticles.

A modified release coating as described in Example 1 was applied to theimmediate release microparticles to provide the modified releasemicroparticles. The coating was applied to provide a 20% wg.

The immediate release microparticles (IR component) and the modifiedrelease microparticles (MR) component were combined and orallyadministered with water to twelve (12) fasted, healthy subjects asdescribed in Example 4 at doses of 5.8 g, 8.7 g, 11.6 g, and 14.5 g ofcompound (1). The amount of compound (1) in the IR and the MR componentare provided in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Content of combined release formulation. IR Component MRComponent Dose (g) (g) Compound (1) (g) 1.8 4 5.8 2.7 6 8.7 3.6 8 11.64.5 10 14.5

Certain of the pharmacokinetic parameters are provided in Table 10 andthe γ-hydroxybutyrate pharmacokinetic profiles are shown in FIG. 6.

TABLE 10 Pharmacokinetic parameters for combined release formulations.T_(max) C_(max) AUC₀₋₆ AUC₀₋₁₂ AUC_(last) AUC_(inf) CL/F V/F t_(1/2)(Dose) hr hr × μg/mL hr × μg/mL hr × μg/mL hr × μg/mL hr × μg/mL L/hr Lhr  5.8 g Mean 1.7 31 88 90 89 90 81 91 0.8 CV % 33 35 52 53 53 52 45 5123  8.7 g Mean 2.3 61 185 194 193 195 52 79 0.9 CV % 31 29 38 43 43 4240 114 82 11.6 g Mean 2.4 81 285 311 310 311 44 44 0.7 CV % 16 31 38 4444 44 43 46 20 14.5 g Mean 2.6 104 389 455 454 457 37 47 0.8 CV % 32 2433 41 42 42 38 47 44

It should be noted that there are alternative ways of implementing theembodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments areto be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, theclaims are not to be limited to the details given herein and areentitled their full scope and equivalents thereof.

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising; an immediate releasecomponent, wherein the immediate release component comprises from 1.2 gof γ-hydroxybutyric acid to 4.0 g of γ-hydroxybutyric acid; and amodified release component, wherein the modified release componentcomprises from 3 g of γ-hydroxybutyric acid to 9 g of γ-hydroxybutyricacid, wherein the γ-hydroxybutyric acid is in the form ofγ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 1, wherein, the immediate release component comprises from 10 wt %to 50 wt % of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid; and the modified releasecomponent comprises from 50 wt % to 90 wt % of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid, wherein wt % is based on the total weight of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid in the pharmaceutical composition.
 3. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein, the immediate releasecomponent comprises from 2 g to 7 g of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid;and the modified release component comprises from 7 g to 15 g of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 1, wherein, the immediate release component comprises a pluralityof immediate release microparticles; and the immediate releasemicroparticles comprise greater than 90 wt % of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid, wherein wt % is based on the total weight of the immediate releasemicroparticles.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein,the modified release component comprises modified releasemicroparticles; the modified release microparticles comprise a core anda modified release coating surrounding the core; and the core comprisesgreater than 90 wt % of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid, wherein wt % isbased on the total weight of the core.
 6. The pharmaceutical compositionof claim 35, wherein, the modified release microparticles comprise 20%wg of the modified release coating; and the modified releasemicroparticles are characterized by a dissolution profile in which from70 wt % to 90 wt % of the 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is released intoa pH 4.5 sodium acetate buffered dissolution media within 2 hours, from85% to 100% within 4 hours, and greater than 95% within 6 hours, asdetermined using a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Type 2 dissolutionapparatus at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddle speed of 75 rpm. 7.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the modified releasemicroparticles comprise 30% wg of the modified release coating; and themodified release microparticles are characterized by a dissolutionprofile in which from 45% to 65% of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid isreleased into a pH 4.5 sodium acetate buffered dissolution media within2 hours, from 70% to 90% within 4 hours, from 80% to 100% within 6hours, and greater than 90% within 8 hours, as determined using a USPType 2 dissolution apparatus at a temperature of 37° C. and a paddlespeed of 75 rpm.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, whereinthe modified release microparticles comprise 40% wg of the modifiedrelease coating; and the modified release microparticles arecharacterized by a dissolution profile in which from 25 wt % to 45 wt %of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is released into a pH 4.5 sodiumacetate buffered dissolution media within 2 hours, from 60% to 80%within 4 hours, from 70% to 90% within 6 hours, from 80% to 100% within8 hours, and greater than 90% within 12 hours, as determined using a USPType 2 dissolution apparatus at pH 4.5 at a temperature of 37° C. and apaddle speed of 75 rpm.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 37,wherein, the modified release microparticles comprise 20% wg of themodified release coating; following oral administration of thepharmaceutical composition to a population of from 10 to 12 fasted,healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic profile of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is characterized by a mean t_(1/2) from0.6 hours to 0.8 hours, a mean T_(max) from 0.5 hours to 0.7 hours, amean C_(max) from 10 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL, a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 20 h×μg/mL to40 h×μg/mL, a mean AUC_(0-inf) from 20 h×μg/mL to 40 h×μg/mL, and a meanCL/F from 440 L/h to 540 L/h; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours following oral administration; and theconcentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined usingliquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.
 10. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 38, wherein, the modified release microparticlescomprise 20% wg of the modified release coating; following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical composition to a population of from10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects the plasma γ-hydroxybutyric acidpharmacokinetic profile is characterized by: a mean T_(max) from 1.4hours to 2.4 hours; a mean C_(max) from 75 μg/mL to 105 μg/mL; anAUC_(0-6h) of greater than 250 h×μg/mL; AUC_(inf) from 250 h×μg/mL to450 h×μg/mL; and a plasma γ-hydroxybutyric acid γ-hydroxybutyrateconcentration from 10 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL at 5 hours to 7 hours afteradministration, wherein, blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours following oral administration; and theconcentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid are determined usingliquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy. 11-21. (canceled) 22.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein, the modifiedrelease microparticles comprise 20% wg of the modified release coating;and following oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition to apopulation of from 10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokineticprofile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by a mean T_(max) from2.0 hours to 3.2 hours; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours following oral administration; and theconcentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined usingliquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.
 23. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 38, wherein, the modified release microparticlescomprise 20% wg of the modified release coating; and following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical composition to a population of from10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ofγ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by a mean C_(max) from 94 μg/mLto 114 μg/mL; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours,1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12hours following oral administration; and the concentration of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined using liquid chromatographytandem mass-spectroscopy.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim38, wherein, the modified release microparticles comprise 20% wg of themodified release coating; and following oral administration of thepharmaceutical composition to a population of from 10 to 12 fasted,healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid ischaracterized by a mean AUC_(inf) from 430 hr×μg/mL to 490 hr×μg/mL;blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12 hoursfollowing oral administration; and the concentration of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined using liquid chromatographytandem mass-spectroscopy.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim38, wherein, the modified release microparticles comprise 20% wg of themodified release coating; and following oral administration of thepharmaceutical composition to a population of from 10 to 12 fasted,healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid ischaracterized by a mean AUC₀₋₆ from 360 hr×μg/mL to 420 hr×μg/mL; bloodsamples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours,2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours followingoral administration; and the concentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid is determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein, the modifiedrelease microparticles comprise 20% wg of the modified release coating;and following oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition to apopulation of from 10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokineticprofile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by a mean C₆ from 25μg/mL to 55 μg/mL; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10hours, and 12 hours following oral administration; and the concentrationof 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined using liquidchromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.
 27. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 38, wherein, the modified release microparticlescomprise 20% wg of the modified release coating; and following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical composition to a population of from10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ofγ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by a mean C₈ from 5 μg/mL to 15μg/mL; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours, 1.5hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12hours following oral administration; and the concentration of4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined using liquid chromatographytandem mass-spectroscopy.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim38, wherein, the modified release microparticles comprise 20% wg of themodified release coating; and following oral administration of thepharmaceutical composition to a population of from 10 to 12 fasted,healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid ischaracterized by a mean C₁₀ less than 5 μg/mL; blood samples areobtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours,3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours following oraladministration; and the concentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acidis determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy. 29.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein, the modifiedrelease microparticles comprise 20% wg of the modified release coating;and following oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition to apopulation of from 10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokineticprofile of γ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by a mean C_(max)/C₈ratio from 9 to 11; blood samples are obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10hours, and 12 hours following oral administration; and the concentrationof 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid is determined using liquidchromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.
 30. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 38, wherein, the modified release microparticlescomprise 20% wg of the modified release coating; and following oraladministration of the pharmaceutical composition to a population of from10 to 12 fasted, healthy subjects a pharmacokinetic profile ofγ-hydroxybutyric acid is characterized by plasma γ-hydroxybutyric acidconcentration greater than 25 μg/mL for at least 4 hours; blood samplesare obtained at 0 hours, 0.5 hours, 1 hours, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours followingoral administration; and the concentration of 4-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid is determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectroscopy.31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the immediaterelease component comprises the γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid dissolvedin an aqueous solution.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1,wherein, the immediate release component comprises a plurality ofimmediate release microparticles; the immediate release microparticleshave an average particle diameter from 75 μm to 450 μm; and theplurality of immediate release microparticles comprise: from 98 wt % to99 wt % of γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid; from 0.5 wt % to 1.5 wt % of aflow control agent; and from 0.25 wt % to 0.75 wt % of a binder,wherein, wt % is based on the total weight of the immediate releasemicroparticles.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein,the flow control agent comprises colloidal silicon dioxide; and thebinder comprises hydroxypropyl cellulose.
 34. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 5, wherein, the core comprises: from 98 wt % to 99wt % of 7-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid; from 0.5 wt % to 1.5 wt % of aflow control agent; and from 0.25 wt % to 0.75 wt % of a binder,wherein, wt % is based on the total weight of the core; and the modifiedrelease coating comprises: from 2 wt % to 12 wt % of a plasticizer; from65 wt % to 80 wt % of a water-insoluble polymer; from 2 wt % to 6 wt %of a water-soluble polymer; and from 12 wt % to 18 wt % of an antistaticagent, wherein, wt % is based on the total weight of the modifiedrelease coating.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, whereinthe modified release microparticle comprises from 10% wg to 40% wg ofthe modified release coating, wherein % wg refers to the weight of themodified release coating based on the weight of the core.
 36. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein, the plasticizercomprises dibutyl sebacate; the water-insoluble polymer comprises ethylcellulose; the water-soluble polymer comprises hydroxypropyl cellulose;and the antistatic agent comprises magnesium silicate.
 37. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein the modified releasemicroparticles have an average particle diameter from 150 μm to 350 μm.38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein, the immediaterelease component comprises from 4 g to 5 g of γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoicacid dissolved in an aqueous solution; and the modified releasecomponent comprises 9 g to 12 g of γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic.
 39. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 34, wherein, the immediate releasecomponent comprises 4.5 g of γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic acid dissolved inan aqueous solution; and the modified release component comprises 10 gof γ-((L-valyl)oxy)butanoic.